Examining the Extent of Contamination, Antibiotic Resistance, and Genetic Diversity of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Strains in Meat and Feces of Some Native Birds of Iran

Table 1

Contamination and genetic diversity of C. difficile strains in chicken, duck, quail, and partridge.

Type of native bird	Number of meat/feces samples	Number of samples infected with C. difficile of meat/feces	Toxin gene profile
			tcdA	tcdB	tcdC	cdtA	cdtB
Chicken	90/300	22/95	+3	+3	+1	+2	+2
Duck	60/250	12/88	+1	+2	—	+1	+1
Quail	60/250	1/5	+1	—	—	—	—
Partridge	90/300	0/3	—	—	—	—	—
Total	300/1100	35/191	5	5	1	3	3

Detection through L-proline aminopeptidase test for meat/feces.