Evaluation of Systemic Genotoxic/Oxidative and Proinflammatory Effects in Workers of a Titanium Dioxide Production Plant

Table 4

Fpg-comet parameters and cytokine release in the studied populations.

Biomarkers	Type of exposure		Mean	SD	value	Post hoc (Dunn’s test)	Adj. values
% DNA tail	TiO2 production	40	12.78	2.52	0.088 (Kruskal-Wallis)
	Office workers	5	14.08	2.24
	Ext controls	18	11.56	2.62
TM	TiO2 production	40	3.09	0.78	0.164 (Kruskal-Wallis)
	Office workers	5	3.78	0.88
	Ext controls	18	2.92	1.02
TL	TiO2 production	40	16.44	6.09	0.060 (Kruskal-Wallis)
	Office workers	5	25.51	6.14
	Ext controls	18	17.65	8.33
% comets	TiO2 production	40	19.78	1.61	0.048 (Kruskal-Wallis)	TiO2 production > controls	0.049
	Office workers	5	19.00	0.35
	Ext controls	18	18.86	1.55
% apoptotic cells	TiO2 production	40	0.88	0.43	0.126 (ANOVA)
	Office workers	5	0.70	0.16
	Ext controls	18	0.65	0.36
Oxidative DNA damage (Fpg sites)	TiO2 production	40	3.34	3.33	0.206 (ANOVA)
	Office workers	5	5.01	2.24
	Ext controls	18	2.47	1.60
Oxidative positive subjects > cutoff 4	TiO2 production	14/40 (35.0%)			0.570 (Fisher’s exact test)
	Office workers	2/5 (40.0%)
	Ext controls	4/18 (22.2%)
IL6 (pg/ml)	TiO2 production	40	0.24	0.33		TiO2 production < controls	0.001
	Office workers	5	0.00	0.00		Office workers < controls	0.003
	Ext controls	18	0.48	0.18
IL8 (pg/ml)	TiO2 production	40	1.88	1.63	0.006 (Kruskal-Wallis)	TiO2 production > controls	0.004
	Office workers	5	1.46	1.86
	Ext controls	18	1.23	2.71
TNFα (pg/ml)	TiO2 production	40	0.72	2.06	0.538 (Kruskal-Wallis)
	Office workers	5	0.00	0.00
	Ext controls	18	0.31	1.14

Pairwise comparisons were performed using Dunn’s procedure with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Adjusted values are presented.