Mechanism Research and Application for Ginsenosides in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Table 1

Study on the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides on HCC.

Cell lines/mice	Types of ginsenosides	Physiological effects	Related mechanisms	Refs.
SMMC-7721and SK-Hep-1 cells	Rg3	Inhibits the proliferation and invasion	Regulates long noncoding RNA HOX antisense intergenic	[20]
HepG2 cells	20(S)-Rh2	Reduces the growth and migration ability	STAT3/VEGF pathway	[21]
HepG2 and SK-Hep-1 cells	20(S)-Rh2	Arrests at the G0/G1 phase and inhibited cell growth	Disturbs the HSP90A-Cdc37 chaperone system	[22]
HepG2 and Hep3B cells	20(S)-Rh2	Suppresses proliferation and migration	Regulates CDKN2A-2B gene cluster transcription	[23]
HepG2 cells	Rk1	Inhibits telomerase activity and induces apoptosis	Decreases hTERT and c-Myc mRNA	[29]
Hep1-6 cells/C57BL/6 mice	Rg3	Induces apoptosis	Inhibits the activation of microtumor vessel formation in vivo	[30]
SK-Hep1, HepG2, A549, and H322 cells	20(S)-Rg3	Inhibits autophagy	Changes in gene expression and activates of the CHOP transcription factor	[33]
HepG2 and Huh7 cells/NOD/SCID mice	Rh2	Regulates autophagy	β-Catenin signaling	[34]
HepG2 cells	Rh1	Suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression	Inhibits of activator protein-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway	[37]
MHCC97-H	CK	Inhibits of spontaneous metastatic growth of HCC cells	Translocation of nuclear factor-κB p65 and the reduction of MMP-2/9	[38]
H22 cells/KM mice	Rg3	Improves the host’s cellular immunity	N/A	[40]
C57BL/6J mice	Rk3	Targets the gut-liver axis	N/A	[45]