Luteolin Is a Potential Immunomodulating Natural Compound against Pulpal Inflammation

Figure 6

Luteolin downregulates DP-1-MV-induced TNF-α expression in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. (a) Luteolin inhibits microvesicles (MVs) from dental pulp cell- (DP-1-) induced expression of TNF-α mRNA in RAW264.7 cells. After pretreatment of DP-1 with 2-AP (10 mM) or luteolin (100 μM) for 24 h, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with the MVs derived from DP-1 or E. coli LPS (100 ng/ml) for 3 h (). , , . Error bars represent . Data were analyzed using independent unpaired two-tailed Student’s -tests. (b) Cellular uptake of DP-1-derived MVs by RAW264.7 cells was observed using fluorescent microscopy. PKH26-labeled MVs (red) were incubated with murine macrophages for 1 h. Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Bottom panel shows merged images, including phage contrast (PH) images. Scale  μm.

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