Research Article
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Minor Hallucinations in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Table 1
Characteristics and contents of minor hallucination.
| | Presence hallucination | Passage hallucination | Visual illusion | | Object misidentification | Pareidolia | Kineptosia | Sum |
| | Number | 28 (23.0%) | 35 (28.7%) | 24 (19.7%) | 17 (13.9%) | 18 (14.8%) | 59 (48.4%) | | Appearance time | | Daytime | 15 (53.6%) | 24 (68.6%) | 11 (45.8%) | 11 (64.7%) | 8 (44.4%) | 30 (50.8%) | | Nighttime | 7 (25.0%) | 4 (11.4%) | 8 (33.3%) | 2 (11.8%) | 8 (44.4%) | 18 (30.5%) | | Both | 6 (21.4%) | 7 (20.0%) | 5 (20.8%) | 4 (23.5%) | 2 (11.1%) | 11 (18.6%) | | Lighting | | Bright | 7 (25.0%) | 12 (34.3%) | 6 (25.0%) | 8 (47.1%) | 7 (38.9%) | 21 (35.6%) | | Dim | 18 (64.3%) | 18 (51.4%) | 17 (70.8%) | 8 (47.1%) | 9 (50.0%) | 34 (57.6%) | | Dark | 2 (7.1%) | 4 (11.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 2 (11.1%) | 3 (5.1%) | | Variable | 1 (3.6%) | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | | Environment | | Indoor | 24 (85.7%) | 24 (68.6%) | 18 (75.0%) | 16 (94.1%) | 16 (88.9%) | 50 (84.7%) | | Outdoor | 1 (3.6%) | 9 (25.7%) | 4 (16.7%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (8.5%) | | Variable | 3 (10.7%) | 2 (5.7%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (11.1%) | 4 (6.8%) | | Onset | | Sudden | 23 (82.1%) | 33 (94.3%) | 24 (100.0%) | 14 (82.4%) | 18 (100.0%) | 56 (94.9%) | | Gradual | 5 (17.9%) | 2 (5.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (5.1%) | | Lasting time | | Seconds | 23 (82.1%) | 35 (100.0%) | 17 (70.8%) | 13 (76.5%) | 15 (83.3%) | 45 (76.3%) | | Minutes | 5 (17.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (29.2%) | 4 (23.5%) | 3 (16.7%) | 14 (23.7%) | | Frequency | | Daily | 5 (17.9%) | 4 (11.4%) | 10 (41.7%) | 6 (35.3%) | 4 (22.2%) | 20 (33.9%) | | 1–6 times/week | 20 (71.4%) | 19 (54.3%) | 8 (33.3%) | 6 (35.3%) | 9 (50.0%) | 23 (39.0%) | | <1/week | 3 (10.7%) | 12 (34.3%) | 6 (25.0%) | 5 (29.4%) | 5 (27.8%) | 16 (27.1%) | | Duration | | <1 month | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | | 1 month-1 year | 15 (53.6%) | 19 (54.3%) | 11 (45.8%) | 9 (52.9%) | 11 (61.1%) | 31 (52.5%) | | >1 year | 13 (46.4%) | 16 (45.7%) | 13 (54.2%) | 7 (41.2%) | 7 (38.9%) | 27 (45.8%) | | Premotor | | Yes | 3 (10.7%) | 10 (28.6%) | 7 (29.2%) | 3 (17.6%) | 4 (22.2%) | 14 (23.7%) | | No | 25 (89.3%) | 25 (71.4%) | 17 (70.8%) | 14 (82.4%) | 14 (77.8%) | 45 (76.3%) | | Clarity | | Sharp | 1 (3.6%) | 4 (11.4%) | 3 (12.5%) | 3 (17.6%) | 4 (22.2%) | 10 (16.9%) | | Blurry | 26 (92.9%) | 31 (88.6%) | 21 (87.5%) | 13 (76.5%) | 14 (77.8%) | 48 (81.4%) | | Variable | 1 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | | Size | | Normal | 26 (92.9%) | 31 (88.6%) | 23 (95.8%) | 16 (94.1%) | 18 (100.0%) | 57 (96.6%) | | Miniaturized | 2 (7.1%) | 3 (8.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | | Magnified | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | | Variable | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | | Stereotyped | | Yes | 12 (42.9%) | 23 (65.7%) | 14 (58.3%) | 10 (58.8%) | 11 (61.1%) | 35 (59.3%) | | No | 13 (46.4%) | 10 (28.6%) | 9 (37.5%) | 7 (41.2%) | 6 (33.3%) | 22 (37.3%) | | Cannot describe | 3 (10.7%) | 2 (5.7%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.6%) | 2 (3.4%) | | Color | | Black and white | 24 (85.7%) | 30 (85.7%) | 15 (62.5%) | 11 (64.7%) | 6 (33.3%) | 32 (54.2%) | | Multiple colors | 4 (14.3%) | 5 (14.3%) | 9 (37.5%) | 6 (35.3%) | 12 (66.7%) | 27 (45.8%) | | Content | | Familiar lived people | 4 (14.3%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | | Unfamiliar people | 22 (78.6%) | 18 (51.4%) | 12 (50.0%) | 11 (64.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 23 (39.0%) | | Deceased relatives | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | | Animals | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (17.1%) | 3 (12.5%) | 5 (29.4%) | 2 (11.1%) | 10 (16.9%) | | Objects | 1 (3.6%) | 3 (8.6%) | 8 (33.3%) | 1 (5.9%) | 16 (88.9%) | 25 (42.4%) | | Cannot describe | 1 (3.6%) | 6 (17.1%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.7%) |
|
|
