The Orthographic Ambiguity of the Arabic Graphic System: Evidence from a Case of Central Agraphia Affecting the Two Routes of Spelling

Table 1

Performance of CHS and control participants on neuropsychological tests.

Cognitive domain	CHS	Norms and control data
General cognition
MMSE (Arabic version)		26
Short-term memory
Digit span forward-WAIS		ONR
Constructional abilities
Copy of Rey-Osterrieth figure (/36)
Visuoperceptual functions
Length match task–BORB (30)
Object decision easy-BORB (32)
Object decision hard-BORB (32)
Executive functions
Trail making test
(i) Part A-time (sec)
(ii) Part B–time (sec)
Digit span backward-WAIS		ONR
Hayling test
(i) Automatic condition (number of correct responses)	14
(ii) Inhibition condition (number of correct responses)
Episodic memory
Immediate recall of Rey-Osterrieth figure (/36)

indicates a score below the norm, expressed in score; ONR: outside normal range; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III; BORB: Birmingham Object Recognition Battery.