Association between Ambient Illumination and Cognitive Impairment: A Population-Based Study of Older
Table 1
Characteristics of the study population from NHANES 2011–2014 ().
Variable
Total
Normal cognition
Cognitive impairment
-value
Age
69.01 (0.22)
68.40 (0.21)
72.92 (0.40)
<0.0001
Sex
Female
1,282 (51.14)
1,019 (55.11)
263 (51.50)
0.28
Male
1,225 (48.86)
883 (44.89)
342 (48.50)
Ethnicity
Black
605 (24.13)
396 (6.38)
209 (21.36)
<0.0001
Hispanic
264 (10.53)
144 (2.31)
120 (13.20)
Mexican American
218 (8.7)
140 (2.43)
78 (9.07)
Other
226 (9.01)
188 (4.67)
38 (4.54)
White
1,194 (47.63)
1,034 (84.21)
160 (51.83)
Education
Completed high school
591 (23.59)
456 (21.34)
135 (25.07)
<0.0001
Less than high school
611 (24.39)
268 (10.11)
343 (49.01)
More than high school
1,303 (52.02)
1,178 (68.54)
125 (25.92)
AI/100000, lux/100000
1.53 (0.07)
1.57 (0.07)
1.28 (0.09)
0.003
DSST
52.65 (0.63)
57.04 (0.55)
24.70 (0.40)
<0.0001
TG
124.81 (3.80)
124.41 (4.60)
127.20 (7.37)
0.78
HDL
55.52 (0.69)
55.97 (0.80)
52.56 (1.05)
0.02
eGFR
74.20 (0.41)
75.16 (0.45)
67.80 (1.28)
<0.0001
ACR
45.30 (4.68)
33.97 (3.99)
119.00 (24.52)
0.002
Sbp
130.92 (0.56)
129.93 (0.54)
137.49 (1.34)
<0.0001
Dbp
68.50 (0.44)
68.88 (0.49)
65.98 (0.68)
0.001
BMI
29.10 (0.19)
29.12 (0.20)
28.97 (0.38)
0.72
Waist
102.39 (0.45)
102.44 (0.50)
102.05 (1.04)
0.74
MIMS triaxial value
9481.47 (87.19)
9640.88 (92.43)
8583.05 (141.18)
<0.0001
CKD
No
1,592 (66.61)
1,283 (72.94)
309 (48.94)
<0.0001
Yes
798 (33.39)
539 (27.06)
259 (51.06)
MetS
No
1,690 (67.41)
1,279 (66.58)
411 (68.77)
0.6
Yes
817 (32.59)
623 (33.42)
194 (31.23)
Hypertension
No
740 (29.52)
616 (35.95)
124 (19.21)
<0.0001
Yes
1,767 (70.48)
1,286 (64.05)
481 (80.79)
Mean ± SD for continuous variables: -value was calculated by one-way ANOVA. % for categorical variables: -value was calculated by weighted chi-square test. MIMS: Monitor-Independent Movement Summary; CKD: chronic kidney disease; BMI: body mass index; AI: ambient illumination; DSST: digit symbol substitution test; MetS: metabolic syndrome; Sbp: systolic blood pressure; Dbp: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein. MIMS: Monitor-Independent Movement Summary; CKD: chronic kidney disease; BMI: body mass index; AI: ambient illumination; DSST: digit symbol substitution test; MetS: metabolic syndrome; Sbp: systolic blood pressure; Dbp: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein. Not all data were available for all participants.
