Mechanism and Therapeutic Prospect of miRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Table 1

Level changes, targets, signal pathways, and roles of miRNAs in degenerative disease.

Disease name	miRNA	State	Signaling pathway	Target spot	Research results
AD	miR-146a	Downregulation	NF-κB↑	Unknown	Astrocyte↑; Inflammatory reaction↓
AD	miR-15b	Downregulation	NF-κB↑	BACE1	Aβ↑; TNF-α↑; IL-1β↑; IL-6↑; COX-2↑; iNOS↑
AD	miR-22-3p	Downregulation	NF-κB↑	SOx9	Aβ↑; Cognitive impairment↑
AD	miR-216a-5p	Downregulation	NF-κB↑	HMGB1	TNF-α↑; IL-6↑; IL-1β↑
PD	miR-330sponge	Downregulation	NF-κB↑	SHIP1	M1 microglia polarization↑; Microglia injury↑
AD	miR-142-5p	Upregulation	AKT↓	PTPN1	The learning and memory ability of AD↓
AD	miR-124	Upregulation	miR-124/PTPN1↓	PTPN1	Gsk-3β↑; PP2A↓; Tau pathology↑; Synaptic depletion and memory deficits↑
AD	miR-212	Downregulation	P13k/AKT↓	PDCD4	Cell proliferation↓; Apoptosis↑
AD	miR-539-5p	Downregulation	P13k/AKT↓	Gsk-3β	Damage to neurons↑
AD	miR-107	Downregulation	P13k/AKT↓	FGFR2	Damage to neurons↑
AD	miR-194	Upregulation	P13k/AKT↓	Nrn1	Damage to neurons↑
AD	miR-212-3p	Downregulation	NLRP3/Caspase-1↑	SP1, BACE1	IL-1β↑; IL-18↑
AD	miR-590-3	Upregulation	AMPK↑	SP1	Neuronal apoptosis↑
AD	miR-328-3p	Downregulation	AMPK↑	SP1	As a biomarker
PD	miR-200a	Upregulation	cAMP/PKA↑	DRD2	Striatal cell apoptosis↑
AD	miR-135a-5p	Downregulation	Rock2↑	Add1	Synaptic disorder↑; Tau pathology↑
PD	miR-342-3p	Upregulation	Wnt↓	PAK	Expression of glutamate transporter dopaminergic neurons↑
PD	miR-124	Downregulation	Wnt/β-catenin↓	Axin1	Injury of motor neurons↑
AD	miR-25	Upregulation	Nrf2↑	KLF2	IL-6↑; TNF-α↑; Hippocampal neuronal damage↑
AD	miR-592	Upregulation	Keap1/Nrf2/ARE↓	KIAA0319	Oxidative stress injury of astrocyte↑
AD	miR-191-5p	Downregulation	MAPK↑	Map3k12	Microglia injury↑
PD	miR-96	Upregulation	MAPK↑	CACNG5	iNos↑; Dopaminergic neuron damage↑
PD	miR-181a	Downregulation	p38MAPK/JNK↑	Unknown	Neuronal damage↑
PD	miR-326	Downregulation	MAPK↑	KLK7	iNos↑; Dopaminergic neuron damage↑
			JNK↑	XBP1
AD	miR-330	Downregulation	MAPK↑	VAV1	Aβ↑; Mitochondrial disorder↑
AD	miR-98	Downregulation	Notch↑	HEY2	MTDNA↑; Improving oxidative stress
AD	miR-124-3p	Downregulation	RelA/ApoE↓	Rela	Aβ↑; Hippocampal neuronal damage↑
HD	miR-124	Downregulation	JAK/STST3↓	RNASE4	Angiogenesis↓; Neurogenesis↓; Neuronal damage↑; Reactivity of astrocyte↓; Aggregation of the Huntington protein↑
AD	miR-186	Downregulation	JAK/STST↓	IL2	Aβ↑; Damage to neurons↑
AD	let-7b	Upregulation	P13k/AKT/mTOR↑	Unknown	Cellular autophagy↓; Apoptosis↑
AD	miR-211-5p	Upregulation	P13k/AKT↓	Ngn2	Aβ↑
AD	miR-33	Upregulation	AKT/mTOR↑	Unknown	Antibody↑; Neurocyte apoptosis↑; Loss of synaptic plasticity-related proteins
PD	miR-133b	Downregulation	ERK1/2↑	ERK and AKT1	MPP+induced cell apoptosis↑
PD	miR-593-3p	Upregulation	PINK1/Parkin↓	PTEN	Mitochondrial autophagy function↓
PD	miR-4465	Downregulation	AKT/mTOR↑		Cellular autophagy ability↓
	miR-181b
AD	miR-138	Upregulation	DEK/AKT↓	DEK	Neuron cell apoptosis
PD	miR-212	Downregulation	Notch↓	KLF4	TNF-α↑; IL-1β↑; SOD↓; ROS↓
PD	miR-185	Downregulation	P13k/AKT↓	IGF1	Autophagy of dopamine neurons↓; Neuron cell apoptosis↑
PD T2D	miR-1271	Downregulation	Wnt/β-catenin↓	ALK and RYK	PAX4↑; Grb2↑; NADPH↑
HD	miR-302	Downregulation	Insulin signaling pathway↓	Unknown	Insulin resistance mHtt↑; Mitophagy↓
AD	miR-34c	Upregulation	ROS-JNP-P53↑	SYT1	Outstanding defects
AD	miR-196a	Upregulation	P13k/AKT↑	LRIG3	Oxidative stress damage↑; Inflammatory reaction↑; Apoptosis of hippocampal neurons↑

↑: upregulation or activation; ↓: downregulation or transplantation; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; PD: Parkinson; HD: Huntington’s disease; T2D: type 2 diabetes; Aβ: amyloid-beta; PP2A: protein phosphatase 2A; MTDNA: mitochondrion; mHtt: mutant huntingtin; Add1: targeted addition of protein 1.