Research Article
The Effect of Nintedanib in Post-COVID-19 Lung Fibrosis: An Observational Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
| | Variables | Total (n=42) | Nintedanib group (n=21) | Control group (n=21) | value |
| | Age, years | 64.43 ± 14.59 | 61.29 ± 13.76 | 67.57 ± 15.05 | 0.166 | | Male | 23 (54.8) | 12 (57.1) | 11 (52.4) | 0.096 | | Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.50 ± 5.80 | 26.48 ± 3.38 | 28.51 ± 7.45 | 0.189 | | Smoking status | | Non-smoker | 37 (88.1) | 17 (80.9) | 20 (95.2) | 0.343 | | Current or former smoker | 5 (11.9) | 4 (19.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0.343 |
| | Comorbidity | | Hypertension | 27 (64.3) | 12 (57.1) | 15 (71.4) | 0.334 | | Diabetes | 21 (50.0) | 10 (47.6) | 11 (52.4) | 0.758 | | Dyslipidemia | 18 (42.9) | 11 (52.4) | 7 (33.3) | 0.212 | | Coronary arterial disease | 4 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (14.3) | 0.606 | | Stroke | 2 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | 1.000 | | Time from symptom onset to hospitalization, days | 7.50 ± 14.21 | 5.00 ± 2.55 | 10.00 ± 19.86 | 0.259 | | Time from symptom onset to pneumonia diagnosis, days | 7.28 ± 14.03 | 4.38 ± 2.48 | 10.19 ± 19.49 | 0.183 |
| | Admission ward | | Intensive care unit | 18 (42.9) | 10 (47.6) | 8 (38.1) | 0.533 | | Intermediate care unit | 24 (57.1) | 11 (52.4) | 13 (61.9) | 0.533 |
| | Symptom | | Fever | 33 (78.6) | 19 (90.5) | 14 (66.7) | 0.130 | | Cough | 36 (85.7) | 17 (80.9) | 19 (90.5) | 0.663 | | Breathlessness | 17 (40.5) | 10 (47.6) | 7 (33.3) | 0.346 | | Rhinorrhea | 6 (14.3) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (9.5) | 0.663 | | Sore throat | 5 (11.9) | 4 (19.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0.343 | | Headache | 3 (7.1) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | 0.232 | | Anosmia | 3 (7.1) | 2 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 1.000 | | Chest tightness | 1 (2.4) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 1.000 | | Ageusia | 1 (2.4) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| | Laboratory data | | Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.70 ± 1.79 | 12.85 ± 1.79 | 12.57 ± 1.83 | 0.625 | | White blood cell count, cells/µL | 7,429.27 ± 3,781.48 | 7,275 ± 4,097.22 | 7,576 ± 3,550.34 | 0.802 | | Platelet count, 103/µL | 206.58 ± 74.98 | 194.00 ± 86.58 | 218.57 ± 61.76 | 0.300 | | Lymphocyte, % | 18.62 ± 11.73 | 18.13 ± 12.57 | 19.09 ± 11.17 | 0.798 | | Absolute lymphocyte count, cells/µL | 1,080.12 ± 599.17 | 955.41 ± 443.11 | 1198.9 ± 707.89 | 0.193 | | Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.43 ± 2.05 | 1.02 ± 0.53 | 1.82 ± 2.79 | 0.209 | | Albumin, g/dL | 3.45 ± 0.48 | 3.47 ± 0.50 | 3.44 ± 0.47 | 0.862 | | C-reactive protein, mg/L | 78.06 ± 55.86 | 83.6 ± 63.07 | 72.78 ± 49.02 | 0.542 |
| | SpO2/FiO2 ratio | | Before treatment | 263.73 ± 136.79 | 200.57 ± 105.77 | 326.90 ± 137.10 | 0.002 | | After treatment | 357.95 ± 148.22 | 335.71 ± 168.12 | 380.19 ± 125.44 | 0.338 |
| | Treatment | | Favipiravir | 42 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | 1.000 | | Remdesivir | 5 (11.9) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (9.5) | 1.000 | | Antibiotics | 42 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | 1.000 | | Corticosteroids | 42 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | 1.000 | | Anticoagulant | 42 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | 1.000 | | Tocilizumab | 7 (16.7) | 6 (28.6) | 1 (4.8) | 0.093 | | Baricitinib | 2 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (4.8) | 1.000 |
| | Oxygen therapy before treatment | | No | 10 (23.8) | 2 (9.5) | 8 (38.1) | 0.030 | | Cannula | 8 (19.0) | 4 (19.0) | 4 (19.0) | 1.000 | | High-flow nasal cannula | 8 (19.0) | 8 (38.1) | 0 (0) | 0.003 | | Endotracheal tube with mechanical ventilation | 15 (35.7) | 7 (33.3) | 8 (38.1) | 0.747 |
| | Chest CT finding | | Ground glass opacity | 36 (85.7) | 17 (81.0) | 19 (90.5) | 0.663 | | Reticulation | 29 (69.0) | 14 (66.7) | 15 (71.4) | 0.739 | | Consolidation | 27 (64.3) | 11 (52.4) | 16 (76.2) | 0.107 | | Traction bronchiectasis | 22 (52.4) | 10 (47.6) | 12 (57.1) | 0.537 | | Honeycombing | 2 (4.8) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0) | 0.488 |
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Data shown as n (%) or mean ± SD. CT=chest computed tomography; SpO2/FiO2=oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen.
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