Early Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Preserves Muscle Size and Quality and Maintains Systemic Levels of Signaling Mediators of Muscle Growth and Inflammation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Table 2
Clinical outcomes in the control and NMES groups.
Control (n = 20)
NMES (n = 20)
MD
[95% CI]
value
Sepsis, n (%)
17 (85%)
16 (80%)
1
0.67
Septic shock, n (%)
9 (45%)
11 (55%)
2
0.52
Multi-organ failure, n (%)
4 (20%)
6 (30%)
2
0.46
Initiation of enteral nutrition, d
3.25 (1.88)
3.47 (2.03)
−0.22
[−1.49; 1.05]
0.72
Cumulative fluid balance 7 days, L
8.5 (6.9)
8.2 (4.2)
0.27
[−4.1; 4.7]
0.89
Days of sedation, d
7.6 (4.7)
8.8 (4.9)
−1.2
[−4.40; 1.91]
0.42
Time on invasive MV, d
9.9 (5.8)
11.6 (5.0)
−1.7
[−5.24; 1.74]
0.31
Ventilator-free days at 28 days, d
10 (8.6)
8.6 (7.9)
1.35
[−3.95; 6.65]
0.60
ICU length of stay, d
16.1 (12.6)
16.5 (11.7)
−0.4
[−8.52; 7.60]
0.90
Hospital length of stay, d
26.7 (25.1)
25.5 (22.4)
1.1
[−14.76; 17.11]
0.88
7-day mortality, n (%)
5 (25%)
4 (20%)
1
0.70
28-day mortality, n (%)
7 (35%)
8 (40%)
1
0.74
Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation), and categorical variables are expressed as absolute and relative value = n (%). MD: mean difference between groups and [95% CI]: 95% confidence interval; NMES: neuromuscular electrical stimulation; MV: mechanical ventilation; ICU: intensive care unit. Clinical outcomes between control and NMES were compared by non-paired t-test for continuous variable and chi-square test for dichotomous variable.
