Prevalence and Mortality Rates of Acute Kidney Injury among Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics and factors contributing to the occurrence of AKI.
Baseline characteristics
Total sample N = 457
No AKI N = 261
Developed AKI during MICU stay N = 196
value
Age group
0.72
M ± SD
63.8 ± 18.2
63.2 ± 17.6
64.2 ± 18.9
18–60 years
181 (39.6%)
106 (58.6%)
75 (41.4%)
>60 years
276 (60.4%)
155 (56.2%)
121 (43.8%)
Gender
0.64
Female
226 (49.5%)
127 (56.2%)
99 (43.8%)
Male
231 (50.5%)
134 (58.0%)
97 (42.0%)
Smoking (yes %)
69 (16.5%)
47 (68.1%)
22 (31.9%)
0.03
Comorbidities
Hypertension (yes %)
269 (64.5%)
140 (52.0%)
129 (48.0%)
0.002
Diabetes mellitus (yes %)
218 (52.3%)
113 (51.8%)
105 (48.2%)
0.01
Coronary artery disease (yes %)
181 (43.4%)
104 (57.5%)
77 (42.5%)
0.91
Chronic pulmonary diseases (yes %)
110 (25.4%)
63 (57.3%)
47 (42.7%)
0.63
Chronic kidney diseases GFR <60 (yes %)
140 (33.6%)
65 (46.4%)
75 (53.6%)
0.001
Chronic liver diseases (yes %)
26 (6.2%)
16 (61.5%)
10 (38.5%)
0.72
Endocrine (yes %)
13 (3.6%)
2 (15.4%)
11 (84.6%)
0.002
Active malignancy (yes %)
55 (13.2%)
30 (54.6%)
25 (45.5%)
0.65
Neurological disease (yes %)
67 (16.1%)
40 (59.7%)
27 (40.3%)
0.76
Cause of admission
Acute pulmonary diseases
157 (34.4%)
97 (61.2%)
60 (38.2%)
0.06
Acute gastroenterological diseases
73 (16.2%)
38 (52.0%)
35 (48.0%)
Acute neurological diseases
54 (11.8%)
34 (63.0%)
20 (37.0%)
Sepsis
111 (24.3%)
56 (50.4%)
55 (49.5%)
Acute cardiovascular diseases
28 (6.2%)
15 (53.6%)
13 (46.4%)
Endocrine disorders
12 (2.6%)
8 (66.7%)
4 (33.3%)
Others
21 (4.6%)
10 (47.6%)
11 (52.4%)
Medications
ACEI or ARB (yes %)
104 (23.9%)
69 (66.4%)
35 (33.7%)
0.03
NSAIDs (yes %)
66 (15.1%)
29 (43.9%)
37 (56.1%)
0.02
Aspirin (yes %)
202 (46.3%)
106 (52.5%)
96 (47.5%)
0.07
Diuretics (yes %)
232 (53.2%)
134 (57.8%)
98 (42.2%)
0.83
Statin (yes %)
172 (39.4%)
94 (54.7%)
78 (45.4%)
0.43
PPI (yes %)
328 (75.2%)
188 (57.3%)
140 (42.7%)
0.91
Vital signs
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
135.3 ± 34.6
135.7 ± 34.9
134.8 ± 34.3
0.90
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
73.2 ± 23.4
75.5 ± 22.0
70.2 ± 24.4
0.02
MAP (mmHg)
81.6 ± 38.6
83.5 ± 38.9
79.1 ± 38.3
0.24
Heart rate
91.8 ± 22.9
93.1 ± 23.9
90.15 ± 21.5
0.35
Respiratory rate
20.2 ± 3.1
20.2 ± 2.9
20.1 ± 3.3
0.91
Laboratory results
Hemoglobin level
11.2 ± 6.0
11.7 ± 7.6
10.6 ± 2.6
0.01
White blood count
11.6 ± 10.3
10.7 ± 7.0
12.65 ± 11.5
0.12
Platelets count
235.0 ± 124.2
239.7 ± 129.3
228.9 ± 117.2
0.53
Serum sodium level
139.1 ± 8.9
139.1 ± 10.0
139.2 ± 7.2
0.42
Serum glucose
170.9 ± 119.0
170.7 ± 126.0
171.1 ± 110.2
0.88
Serum urea
79.2 ± 65.0
54.9 ± 42.6
110.8 ± 74.8
<0.001
Serum potassium
4.4 ± 0.9
4.2 ± 0.7
4.6 ± 1.1
<0.001
Serum bicarbonate
22.4 ± 7.2
24.0 ± 6.4
20.6 ± 7.6
<0.001
Serum PH
7.38 ± 0.1
7.4 ± 0.1
7.36 ± 0.1
<0.001
Serum albumin
3.3 ± 0.9
3.4 ± 1.1
3.22 ± 0.7
0.05
Serum CRP
100.9 ± 132.2
95.2 ± 129.3
108.4 ± 135.8
0.46
Serum creatinine
1.1 + 1.1
0.9 + 0.8
1.2 + 1.4
0.03
eGFR
67.3 ± 26.6
72.6 ± 23.4
60.2 ± 28.9
<0.001
AKI: acute kidney injury; ICU: intensive care unit; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure. value ≤0.05; value ≤0.01. The bold values are significant with one star <0.05, with two stars <0.001.
