| | Study, year | Setting | Sampling | Sample size (% fluid responders) | Patient group | MV | Fluid challenge content | Fluid challenge volume | Ref. St. measure | Ref. St. threshold (%) | Carotid measure |
| | Barjaktarevic et al., 2018 [25] | ICU | Convenience | 77 (70.1%) | Undifferentiated shock | 59% | PLR | n/a | SV via NICOM™ | 10 | CFT | | Chowhan et al., 2021 [26] | ICU | Convenience | 20 (septic shock group) | Control, sepsis, and septic shock | 100% | PLR | n/a | SV via LVOT VTI | >15 | ∆CAVTI | | Zhang et al., 2021 [27] | ICU | Convenience | 60 (50%) | Traumatic haemorrhagic shock | 100% | 0.9% sodium chloride | 250 ml | CO via LVOT VTI | ≥15 | ∆CDPV | | Abbasi et al., 2020 [28] | ICU | Convenience | 112 (50%) | Acute circulatory failure within the first 72 hours | 0% | 0.9% sodium chloride | 500 ml | NICOM™ CI | ≥10 | CBF | | Abbasi et al., 2021 [29] | ICU | Convenience | 86 (58%) | Acute circulatory failure within the first 72 hours | 0% | 0.9% sodium chloride | 500 ml | NICOM™ CI | ≥10 | ∆CDPV | | Lu et al., 2017 [30] | ICU | Convenience | 49 (55%) | Septic shock | NS | 0.9% sodium chloride | 200 ml | CO and CI index via PiCCO™ | ≥10 | ∆CDPV | | Marik et al., 2013 [9] | ICU | Not stated | 34 (53%) | Hemodynamic instability (64.7% with septic shock) | 56% | PLR + 0.9% sodium chloride | 500 ml | SV via NICOM™ | ≥10 | ∆CAVTI | | Soliman et al., 2022 [31] | ICU | Not stated | 30 (70%) | Septic shock | 100% | Crystalloid | 7 ml/kg | CO via LVOT VTI | ≥15 | ∆CDPV | | Jelic et al., 2015 [32] | ICU | Not stated | 17 (29%) | Shock | NS | PLR | n/a | PAC | ≥10 | CFT | | Effat et al., 2021 [33] | ICU | Not stated | 44 (45%) | Sepsis ± shock | 46% | PLR + 0.9% saline | 6 ml/kg | LVOT VTI | ≥15 | CBF | | McGregor et al., 2020 [34] | ED | Convenience | 33 (61%) | Patients which required an IV fluid bolus | 0% | Crystalloid | 250–500 ml | SV via LVOT VTI | ≥10 | CBF | | Girotto et al., 2018 [35] | ICU | Not stated | VTI 60 (67%) | PiCCO2 device in situ, decision to PLR not stated | 94% | PLR + 0.9% sodium chloride | 500 ml | Cardiac index via PiCCO™ | ≥10 on pulse contour | ∆CAVTI | | Ibarra-Estrada et al., 2015 [36] | ICU | Convenience | 19 patients 59 fluid challenges (51%) | Septic shock | 100% | PLR + crystalloid | 7 ml/kg | PAC | ≥15 | ∆CDPV | | Pace et al., [37] | ICU | Convenience | 50 (56%) | Hemodynamically unstable | 100% | Crystalloid | 7 ml/kg | SV via aortic VTI | ≥15 | ∆CAVTI + ∆CDPV | | Helmy et al., 2022 [38] | ICU | Not stated | 40 (75%) | Cardiogenic shock | 78% | PLR | n/a | CO via LVOT VTI | ≥10 | CBF | | Jalil et al., 2018 [39] | ICU | Not stated | 22 (45%) | Patients which require IV fluid bolus | 82% | PLR | n/a | SV via FloTrac™ | ≥15 | CFT | | D’Arrigo et al., 2023 [40] | ICU | Consecutive | 18 patients 44 fluid challenges (43.2%) | Septic shock | 100% | Crystalloid | 500 ml | Cardiac index via thermodilution | >15 | ∆CDPV + CFT |
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MV = mechanically ventilated, Ref. St. = reference standard, ICU = intensive care unit, ED = emergency department, PLR = passive leg raise, SV = stroke volume, NICOM = noninvasive cardiac output monitor, CFT = carotid flow time, ∆CAVTI = change in carotid artery velocity time integral, LVOT VTI = left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral, ∆CDPV = change in carotid Doppler peak velocity, CBF = carotid blood flow, CO = cardiac output, PAC = pulmonary artery catheter, PiCCO = pulse contour cardiac output, CI = cardiac index, IV = intravenous.
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