Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 5

Subgroup analyses for DBP.

Group	WMD and 95% CI	P value	Heterogeneity (%)	P value for heterogeneity	P value for interaction test
Country
Eastern	1.18 (−3.54 to 5.90)	0.624	82.7	0.001	0.910
Western	1.19 (−0.33 to 2.71)	0.125	78.0	<0.001
Mean age (years)
≥60.0	2.70 (−1.98 to 7.39)	0.258	91.4	<0.001	0.004
<60.0	0.24 (−1.21 to 1.69)	0.744	46.1	0.054
Percentage male (%)
≥60.0	1.69 (−0.80 to 4.19)	0.184	76.7	<0.001	0.162
<60.0	−0.00 (−2.96 to 2.95)	0.998	81.8	0.001
Control
ARB	0.25 (−2.15 to 2.65)	0.839	26.8	0.243	0.026
CCB	−1.74 (−3.38 to -0.10)	0.038	0.0	0.685
Diuretic	1.50 (−7.58 to 10.58)	0.746	70.9	0.001
BRB	2.57 (0.39 to 4.74)	0.021	86.4	<0.001
Follow-up duration
>24	−0.20 (−0.42 to 0.02)	0.074	0.0	0.870	<0.001
≤24	1.89 (-0.34 to 4.12)	0.096	77.7	<0.001
Baseline PWV
≥10.0	−0.58 (−1.55 to 0.40)	0.249	34.2	0.155	<0.001
<10.0	3.30 (1.10 to 5.50)	0.003	62.9	0.013
Study quality
High	1.51 (−0.53 to 3.55)	0.146	76.2	<0.001	0.020
Low	0.75 (−1.60 to 3.11)	0.530	78.2	<0.001

ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker or inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CI, confidence interval; PWV, pulse wave velocity; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.