Molecular Signatures of Human Chronic Atrial Fibrillation in Primary Mitral Regurgitation

Figure 4

Electron micrograph of human atrial tissues. (a) Normal nucleus, typical striated myofilaments, and scattered mitochondria in a longitudinal section of the SR atrial sample. Scale bar: 2500 nm. (b) Lipofuscin accumulation, striated myofibrils, and mitochondria in the longitudinal section of the AFib atrial sample. Scale bar: 1000 nm. (c) Cross-section of the cardiac cell of SR atrial sample mitochondria and myofilaments is arranged around the nucleus. Scale bar: 2500 nm. (d) At the same magnification of the cardiac cell of AFib atrial sample in cross-section, shrinkage of the cell. Scale bar: 2500 nm. (e) Large vacuoles, myofilaments, and mitochondria clusters in condensed cytoplasm in AFib atrial sample. Scale bar: 1000 nm. (f) Lipofuscin accumulations gathered mitochondria and myofilaments in shrinkage cells in AFib atrial sample. Scale bar: 1000 nm. N: nucleus; nc: nucleolus; V: vacuole; lp: lipofuscin accumulations; m: mitochondria; mf: myofilaments.

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