Onset of Hyperkalemia following the Administration of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker

Table 2

Causal relationship between hyperkalemia and antihypertensive drug use.

Univariate		Multivariate		Univariate		Multivariate
HR (95% CI)	value	HR (95% CI)	value	HR (95% CI)	value	HR (95% CI)	value
Antihypertensive drug
ACE inhibitor	1.0 (reference)		1.0 (reference)		1.0 (reference)		1.0 (reference)
ARB	1.69 (0.68-4.24)	0.261	1.33 (0.53-3.35)	0.547	1.10 (0.33-3.69)	0.878	0.84 (0.25-2.84)	0.774
Age	0.99 (0.97-1.01)	0.373			0.98 (0.96-1.01)	0.246
Age (≥60 years)	0.76 (0.45-1.30)	0.314			0.66 (0.29-1.50)	0.322
Female	0.58 (0.32-1.05)	0.073			0.36 (0.12-1.06)	0.065
BUN	1.03 (1.03-1.04)	<.001			1.03 (1.02-1.04)	<.001
Creatinine	1.23 (1.17-1.29)	<.001			1.22 (1.14-1.31)	<.001
Creatinine (>1.2 mg/dL)	7.31 (4.19-12.76)	<.001			35.11 (8.25-149.52)	<.001
MDRD	0.96 (0.95-0.97)	<.001			0.95 (0.93-0.97)	<.001
MDRD		<.001
≥90 mL/min/1.73 m^2	1.0 (reference)				1.0 (reference)
60-89 mL/min/1.73 m^2	2.23 (0.63-7.90)	0.214			N/A
<60 mL/min/1.73 m^2	13.06 (4.05-42.10)	<.001			N/A
Sodium	0.91 (0.88-0.95)	<.001			0.92 (0.87-0.98)	0.014
Comorbidity
Heart failure	0.83 (0.12-6.02)	0.856			N/A
Hypertensive disease	1.77 (0.64-4.89)	0.270			1.03 (0.14-7.63)	0.977
Ischemic heart disease	0.25 (0.09-0.68)	0.007			0.31 (0.07-1.31)	0.112
Cerebrovascular disease	0.82 (0.26-2.63)	0.742			1.40 (0.33-5.93)	0.652
Diabetes mellitus	0.71 (0.17-2.93)	0.640			0.89 (0.12-6.63)	0.913
Acute renal failure	6.51 (3.76-11.29)	<.001	5.72 (3.24-10.12)	<.001	9.01 (3.99-20.37)	<.001	9.16 (4.02-20.88)	<.001
Cancer	0.45 (0.18-1.14)	0.091			0.99 (0.34-2.89)	0.979
Medication
β-Blocker	0.60 (0.30-1.19)	0.143			0.42 (0.12-1.40)	0.155
CCB	1.48 (0.87-2.50)	0.149			2.36 (0.98-5.71)	0.056
Statin	0.50 (0.29-0.86)	0.013	0.68 (0.38-1.20)	0.177	0.42 (0.18-1.03)	0.057

BUN, MDRD, and creatinine variables are omitted because of multicollinearity.