Abdominal Obesity Is Associated with an Increased Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Males but Not in Females with HFpEF

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics.

Characteristics	All ()	Male ()	Female ()	value
Abdominal obesity no. (%)	2421 (72.92%)	1025 (63.27%)	1396 (82.12%)	<0.001
Age (year, )				<0.001
Race no. (%)
White	2,990 (90.06%)	1,491 (92.04%)	1,499 (88.18%)	<0.001
Black	253 (7.62%)	89 (5.49%)	164 (9.65%)	<0.001
Other	67 (2.02%)	31 (1.91%)	36 (2.12%)	0.676
BMI (kg/m^2, )
<18.5	14 (0.42%)	9 (0.56%)	5 (0.29%)	0.371
18.5-24.9	409 (12.32%)	176 (10.86%)	233 (13.71%)	0.017
25-29.9	1,074 (32.35%)	588 (36.30%)	486 (28.59%)	<0.001
≥ 30.0	1,823 (54.91%)	847 (52.28%)	976 (57.41%)	0.003
Heart rate ()				0.145
Blood pressure(mm/Hg, )
SBP				<0.001
DBP				0.010
NYHA functional classification no. (%)				0.021
I and II	2,250 (67.77%)	1,129 (69.69%)	1,121 (65.94%)
III and IV	1,070 (32.23%)	491 (30.31%)	579 (34.06%)
Comorbidities no. (%)
Hypertension	3,040 (91.57%)	1,454 (89.75%)	1,586 (93.29%)	<0.001
Hospitalization for heart failure	2,412 (72.65%)	1,175 (72.53%)	1,237 (72.76%)	0.880
MI	879 (26.48%)	554 (34.20%)	325 (19.12%)	<0.001
CABG	428 (12.89%)	311 (19.20%)	117 (6.88%)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	1,068 (32.17%)	554 (34.20%)	514 (30.24%)	0.015
Dyslipidemia	2,001 (60.27%)	1,040 (64.20%)	961 (56.53%)	<0.001
COPD	375 (11.30%)	229 (14.14%)	146 (8.59%)	<0.001
Stroke	253 (7.62%)	121 (7.47%)	132 (7.76%)	0.748
Laboratory ()
Creatinine(mg/dL)				<0.001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)				<0.001
Sodium (mmol/L)				0.050
Potassium (mmol/L)				0.020
ALT (UL)				0.003
Glucose (mg/dL)				0.030
BNP (pg/ml)				0.746
NT-proBNP (pg/ml)				0.548
Medications no. (%)
ACE-I/ARB	2,807 (84.55%)	1,369 (84.51%)	1,438 (84.59%)	0.981
Diuretic	2,704 (81.45%)	1,300 (80.25%)	1,404 (82.59%)	0.089
Beta-blockers	2,584 (77.83%)	1,288 (79.51%)	1,296 (76.24%)	0.021
Aspirin	2,180 (65.66%)	1,084 (66.91%)	1,096 (64.47%)	0.132
Statin	1,724 (51.93%)	944 (58.27%)	780 (45.88%)	<0.001
Calcium channel blocker	1,242 (37.41%)	575 (35.49%)	667 (39.24%)	0.027
Hypoglycemic agent	915 (27.56%)	480 (29.63%)	435 (25.59%)	0.009
Currently smoke no. (%)	352 (10.60%)	260 (16.05%)	92 (5.41%)	<0.001
Alcohol drinks in the past weeks no. (%)
None	2,595 (78.16%)	1,104 (68.15%)	1,491 (87.71%)	<0.001
1–4	555 (16.72%)	382 (23.58%)	173 (10.18%)	<0.001
5–10	119 (3.58%)	90 (5.56%)	29 (1.71%)	<0.001
>11	51 (1.54%)	44 (2.72%)	7 (0.41%)	<0.001
Mean KCCQ overall score ()	54.91 ± 20.36	58.53 ± 20.79	51.46 ± 19.33	<0.001
PHQ no. (%)				0.231
<10	995 (29.97%)	539 (33.27%)	456 (26.82%)	<0.001
≥10	344 (10.36%)	171 (10.56%)	173 (10.18%)	0.720

Values are or no. (%). BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MI: myocardial infarction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-BNP; ACE-I: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; NYHA: New York Heart Association.