Application of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Amplatzer Atrial Septal Defect Occluder for Percutaneous Closure of Large Patent Foramen Ovale

Figure 1

TEE detection of a PFO. (a) The left PFO height and PFO tunnel length were measured at rest on TEE (red lines). (b) The left PFO height after VM on TEE (red line). (c) The atrial septal excursion range on TEE (red line). (d) c-TEE showing a medium RSL through the PFO at rest. (e) c-TEE showing a large RLS through the PFO after VM. (f) Doppler color flow image showing a left-to-right shunt of the PFO. ASA: atrial septal aneurysm; c-TEE: contrast transesophageal echocardiography; PFO: patent foramen ovale; RLS: right-to-left shunt; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; VM: Valsalva maneuver.

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