Application of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Amplatzer Atrial Septal Defect Occluder for Percutaneous Closure of Large Patent Foramen Ovale
Table 1
Baseline clinical and anatomical data of the study population.
Baseline characteristics
Group I
Group II
()
()
Clinical features
Age (years)
0.277
Sex (male)
18 (37.5)
23 (32.9)
Sex (female)
30 (62.5)
47 (67.1)
0.603
Coronary heart disease
1 (2.1)
2 (2.9)
0.739
Hypertension
3 (6.2)
4 (5.7)
0.783
Arrhythmia
Atrial premature beat
1 (2.1)
1 (1.4)
0.645
Indication for closure
Cryptogenic stroke
6 (12.5)
13 (18.6)
0.378
Transient ischemic attack
11 (22.9)
18 (25.7)
0.729
Migraine
24 (50)
29 (41.4)
0.358
Transient syncope
2 (4.2)
5 (7.1)
0.783
Preprocedural c-TTE and TEE data
Positive at rest by c-TTE
38 (79.2)
45 (64.3)
0.082
Large RLS after VM by c-TTE
48 (100)
70 (100)
Left PFO height at rest by TEE (mm)
0.06
Left PFO height after VM by TEE (mm)
a
a
0.145
PFO tunnel length by TEE (mm)
0.09
ASA presence by TEE
16 (33.3)
27 (38.6)
0.561
HAS presence by TEE
6 (12.5)
9 (12.9)
0.491
PFO-SD and occluder device selection
PFO-SD by TEE during operation (mm)
b
b
0.876
ASD device waist size (mm)
PFO device size
18/25
12 (17.1)
30/30
37 (52.9)
25/35
21 (30)
Compared with the left height of PFO by TEE at rest, a; compared with the left height of PFO after VM by TEE, b. ASD: atrial septal defect; c-TTE: contrast transthoracic echocardiography; HAS: hypermobile atrial septum; SD: stretch diameter; PFO: patent foramen ovale; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; VM: Valsalva maneuver.
