KCa3.1 Promotes Proinflammatory Exosome Secretion by Activating AKT/Rab27a in Atrial Myocytes during Rapid Pacing

Figure 4

Rapid pacing stimulates HL-1 cell secretion. (a, b) Representative images of KCa3.1, as reflected by immunofluorescence analysis. (c) The characteristic markers CD81 and TSG101 in isolated exosomes were detected by immunoblotting. (d) Morphology of isolated exosomes from HL-1 cells, as examined by transmission electron microscopy. (e, f) Mean exosome diameter and concentration, as shown by the Zeta View System. (g–j) TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and TGF-β1 concentrations in HL-1 cell supernatants. The exosomes were extracted from the same volume of supernatant from cells of equal density. The data are presented as the of three biological replicates. and vs. control group; ^#, ^##, and ^### vs. pacing group.

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