Major Limitations of Cardiovascular Risk Scores

Table 1

The main identified cardiovascular risk scores.

CVR prediction model	Year	Origin	Cohort	Age	Risk factors
Framingham Heart Study [8]	1976	USA	5209	35-64	Age, sex, smoking, BP, TC, HDL-C
Framingham CHD [9]	1991	USA	5573	30-74	Age, sex, smoking, BP, TC, LHV, HDL-C, and DM
Framingham CVD [10]	1998	USA	5345	30-74	Age, sex, smoking, SBP, TC, HDL-C, DM
Frammingham-30 [11]	2008	USA	8491	30-74	Age, sex, smoking, SBP, TC, HDL-C, DM, BMI
REGICOR [20]	1978	Spain	15000	35-74	Age, sex, smoking, SBP, TC, LHV, HDL-C, DM
Dubbo study of the elderly [21]	1988	Australia	2805	Over 60	Age, sex, BMI, smoking, FH, SBP, AntiHyp, TC, HDL-C, DM, TRG, stress
PROCAM [12]	2002	Germany	5389	35-65	Sex, smoking, SBP, DM, HDL-C, LDL-C, TGC
SCORE [15]	2003	USA	205178	45-64	Age, sex, smoking, SBP, CT, HDL-C
ARIC [22]	2003	USA	14054	45-64	Sex, smoking, SBP, DM, HTA, HDL-C, LDL-C, TGC
Progetto CUORE [23]	2004	Italy	20647	35-69	Age, sex, smoking, HTA, SBP, TC, HDL-C, DM
PROCAM [12, 13]	2007	Germany	5389	35-65	Sex, smoking, SBP, HTA, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TGC
ASSIGN [14]	2007	UK	13297	30-74	Age, sex, smoking, SBP, HTA, TC, HDL-C, DM
Reynolds women [16]	2007	USA	16400	Over 45	Age, sex, smoking, SBP, TC, HDL-C
Reynolds men [17]	2008	USA	10724	50-80	Age, sex, smoking, SBP, TC, HDL-C
QRISK [18]	2007	UK	128317	35-74	Age, sex, smoking, HTA, SBP, DM, BMI
QRISK 2 [19]	2008	UK	1535583	35-74	Age, sex, smoking, HTA, SBP, DM, BMI
WHO/ISH charts [24]	1999	USA	14 regions	40-70	Age, sex, smoking, HTA, SBP, TC, DM
Pooled cohort equation ASCVD [25]	2013	USA	20843	40-79	Age, sex, smoking, SBP, HTA, TC, HDL-C, DM

SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; FH: family history; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; RVH: right ventricular hypertrophy; HTN: hypertension; AntiHyp: antihypertensives; DM: diabetes mellitus; TRG: triglycerides; USA: United States of America; UK: United Kingdom; WHO: World Health Organization.