Inclusion of Neuropsychological Scores in Atrophy Models Improves Diagnostic Classification of Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Table 5

Comparison of different methods.

#	Authors	Classification groups	Imaging modality/biomarkers	Source of data (Group 1/Group 2)	Repetition (cross validation)	Accuracy (%)	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
1	Zhang et al., 2011 [10]	CN, AD	MRI	ADNI (51/52)	10 (10-fold)	86.2	86.0	86.3
		CN, AD	CSF	ADNI (51/52)	10 (10-fold)	82.1	81.9	82.3
		CN, AD	PET	ADNI (51/52)	10 (10-fold)	86.5	86.3	86.6
		CN, AD	MRI, PET, CSF	ADNI (51/52)	10 (10-fold)	93.2	93.0	93.3
2	Hinrichs et al., 2011 [39]	CN, AD	MRI, PET	ADNI (48/66)	30 (10-fold)	87.6	78.9	93.8
		CN, AD	MRI, PET, CSF, APOE, cognitive scores	ADNI (48/66)	30 (10-fold)	92.4	86.7	96.6
3	Magnin et al., 2009 [40]	CN, AD	MRI	Private (16/22)	5000 (4-fold)	94.5	91.5	96.6
4	Klöppel et al., 2008 [37]	CN, AD	MRI	(Group I) Private (20/20)	LOOCV	95.0	95.0	95.0
		CN, AD	MRI	(Group II) Private (14/14)	LOOCV	92.9	100.0	85.7
		CN, AD	MRI	(Group III) Private (33/57)	LOOCV	81.1	60.6	93.0
5	Walhovd et al., 2010 [4]	CN, AD	MRI	ADNI (42/38)	N/A	82.5	N/A	N/A
		CN, AD	MRI, CSF	ADNI (42/38)	N/A	88.8	N/A	N/A
6	Cuingnet et al., 2011 [36]	CN, AD	MRI	ADNI (162/137)	N/A (2-fold)	N/A	82.0	89.0
		CN, AD	MRI	ADNI (162/137)	N/A (2-fold)	N/A	68.0	98.0
7	Zhou et al., 2014 [34]	CN, AD	MRI, MMSE	Private (129/60)	50 (2-fold)	92.3	88.2	94.2
8	Zhou et al., 2014 [41]	CN, AD	MRI, MMSE	Private (127/59)	50 (2-fold)	92.4	84.0	96.1
		CN, aMCI	MRI, MMSE	Private (127/67)	50 (2-fold)	74.9	61.1	83.4
		CN, naMCI	MRI, MMSE	Private (127/56)	50 (2-fold)	74.1	55.2	82.3
9	Desikan et al., 2009 [45]	CN, MCI	MRI	OASIS (48/49)	N/A	84.0	73.0	94.0
		CN, MCI	MRI	ADNI (57/94)	N/A	88.9	90.0	91.0
10	Davatzikos et al., 2008 [46]	CN, MCI	MRI	BLAS (15/15)	N/A	90.0	N/A	N/A
11	Fan et al., 2008 [47]	CN, AD	MRI, MMSE	ADNI (56/66)	LOOCV	94.3	N/A	N/A
		CN, MCI	MRI, MMSE	ADNI (56/88)	LOOCV	81.8	N/A	N/A
		AD, MCI	MRI, MMSE	ADNI (66/88)	LOOCV	74.3	N/A	N/A
12	Fan et al., 2008 [5]	CN, MCI	MRI, PET	BLAS (15/15)	LOOCV	90.0	N/A	N/A
		CN, MCI	MRI	BLAS (15/15)	LOOCV	87.0	N/A	N/A
		CN, MCI	PET	BLAS (15/15)	LOOCV	50.0	N/A	N/A
13	Proposed Study	CN, AD	MRI, cognitive scores	ADNI 2 (125/55)	20 (2-fold)	93.9	96.3	89.5
		CN, EMCI	MRI, cognitive scores	ADNI 2 (125/114)	20 (2-fold)	85.6	96.6	74.1
		CN, LMCI	MRI, cognitive scores	ADNI 2 (125/91)	20 (2-fold)	90.8	96.8	83.7

This paper by Cuingnet et al. [36] compares ten methods and results of methods with best sensitivity and specificity are shown here since accuracy is not reported.
Oasis stands for Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS) database.
The fraction Group 1/Group 2 lists the number of subjects in each classification group.
LOOCV: Leave one out cross validation.
BLAS: Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
aMCI and naMCI represent amnestic and nonamnestic MCI, respectively.