Vertical Suspension Optimization for a High-Speed Train with PSO Intelligent Method

Table 3

The range of the optimal parameters value.

Optimization parameters	Original parameters	Lower limit	Upper limit
k p/N/m	1176000	823200	1528800
k s/N/m	190000	133000	247000
c p/Ns/m	13000	9100	16900
c s/Ns/m	40000	28000	52000
b p/kg	—	1	50000
b s/kg	—	1	50000