Vertical Suspension Optimization for a High-Speed Train with PSO Intelligent Method

Table 4

Parameters optimization results.

Layouts	Optimization results (N/m, Ns/m, kg)
S1	k p = 1176000, ks = 190000 cp = 13000, cs = 40000
S2	k p = 823200, ks = 133000, cp = 16900 cs = 28000, bp = 17, bs = 13
S3	k p = 823200, ks = 133000, cp = 16899 cs = 28000, bp = 988, bs = 38250
S4	k p1 = 823200, kp2 = 1528800, ks1 = 133000 ks2 = 246999, cp = 16899, cs = 28000 bp = 235, bs = 17
S5	k p1 = 823200, kp2 = 1528799, ks1 = 173117 ks2 = 133000, cp = 9100, cs = 28000 bp = 34239, bs = 108