A Learning Sparrow Search Algorithm

Table 2

Comparison table of optimization effect of each algorithm (30 dimensions and fixed dimensions).

Function	Algorithm	Best	Ave	Std
F1(x)	LSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	1.8337	9.2351	8.0567
	CSSA	0	0	0
	ISSA	0	0	0
	SSA	0	0	0
	GWO	2.9726E − 42	9.9797E − 41	2.3113E − 40
	PSO	1.562E − 12	7.3034E − 11	1.5384E − 10
F2(X)	LSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	9.4317E − 10	5.8438	19.6417
	CSSA	0	0	0
	ISSA	0	0	0
	SSA	0	7.0603E − 92	3.8713E − 91
	GWO	1.2722E − 15	1.6521E − 11	5.6379E − 11
	PSO	2.4597	6.8764	4.6663
F3(X)	LSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	0.0417	1.5546	1.2080
	CSSA	0	0	0
	ISSA	0	3.7672E − 158	2.0634E − 157
	SSA	0	0	0
	GWO	1.0249E − 11	1.3528E − 10	1.3629E − 10
	PSO	0.06008	0.1756	0.08657
F4(X)	LSSA	1.3707E − 10	8.2877E − 06	1.5080E − 05
	BSO	233.8862	971.7400	841.0884
	CSSA	3.47E − 09	7.3760E − 05	1.0942E − 04
	ISSA	1.0562E − 07	1.2681E − 04	2.7208E − 04
	SSA	7.6415E − 09	3.1722E − 05	5.9606E − 05
	GWO	45.1861	46.6720	0.7848
	PSO	10.0094	102.2121	51.6541
F5(X)	LSSA	0	8.3405E − 32	1.7901E − 31
	BSO	0	3.6491E − 21	1.9700E − 20
	CSSA	2.4651E − 32	6.1469E − 29	1.7338E − 28
	ISSA	4.6878E − 29	1.3501E − 25	3.1929E − 25
	SSA	3.0814E − 32	2.7691E − 29	7.1572E − 29
	GWO	3.3762E − 07	1.0734E − 06	3.7183E − 07
	PSO	8.9363E − 32	1.9760E − 30	5.1909E − 30
F6(X)	LSSA	7.5495E − 06	3.6715E − 04	3.4039E − 04
	BSO	1.8821E − 03	8.0499E − 03	4.1052E − 03
	CSSA	1.5867E − 05	1.7275E − 04	1.2860E − 04
	ISSA	1.0528E − 05	2.2030E − 04	1.7169E − 04
	SSA	8.2819E − 06	1.6418E − 04	1.7567E − 04
	GWO	1.8171E − 04	5.6482E − 04	3.1679E − 04
	PSO	7.1929E − 03	1.8162E − 02	7.2361E − 03
F7(X)	LSSA	−12569.4866	−12151.0951	724.9186
	BSO	−12569.4866	−11205.6626	1020.4548
	ISSA	−10141.2347	−9080.1757	568.2124
	CSSA	−10022.9333	−9045.4556	574.4343
	SSA	−10258.1903	−8724.1633	718.2918
	GWO	−8262.1714	−6362.1144	709.0298
	PSO	−8324.1386	−6844.9716	752.6817
F8(X)	LSSA	3.5924E − 19	1.5863E − 15	3.8647E − 15
	BSO	0.1323	0.9448	0.6457
	CSSA	8.7326E − 15	2.3930E − 12	4.4060E − 12
	ISSA	1.9914E − 14	2.6662E − 12	5.2284E − 12
	SSA	3.4524E − 15	1.4887E − 11	3.5684E − 11
	GWO	1.4151E − 06	0.01468	9.2774E − 03
	PSO	6.4837E − 14	0.08643	0.2527
F9(X)	LSSA	4.9797E − 04	719.9689	812.9308
	BSO	3.8182E − 04	1272.5502	983.9231
	CSSA	−9082.3593	−8132.3934	763.6265
	ISSA	2191.2870	3460.1076	584.0178
	SSA	2587.7399	4017.9491	668.5352
	GWO	4518.4944	6050.6684	801.1268
	PSO	4601.8502	6257.0871	952.5740
F10(X)	LSSA	0	0	0
	BSO	0	0.3556	0.3866
	CSSA	0	1.8488E − 33	7.0361E − 33
	ISSA	0	0	0
	SSA	0	8.2173E − 33	4.5008E − 32
	GWO	3.2417E − 10	4.6721E − 08	3.9041E − 08
	PSO	0	0	0
F11(X)	LSSA	7.1484E − 17	1.0144E − 09	3.9939E − 09
	BSO	0	0.4704	1.7733
	CSSA	8.9576E − 13	1.1160E − 08	2.0300E − 08
	ISSA	2.8781E − 12	1.1195E − 07	2.9258E − 07
	SSA	2.6178E − 13	2.3804E − 07	1.0194E − 06
	GWO	3.5322E − 06	0.1966	0.4975
	PSO	6.6552E − 07	8.9930E − 04	8.7012E − 03
F12(X)	LSSA	0.998	0.998	0
	BSO	0.998	1.8886	1.4519
	CSSA	0.998	1.0641	0.3622
	ISSA	0.998	2.3662	3.3602
	SSA	0.998	2.4984	3.3421
	GWO	0.998	1.7255	0.9724
	PSO	0.998	1.1305	0.3436