Research Article

Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Cosine Distance Mechanism and Game Strategy

Table 4

IGD values of the proposed GCDMOPSO and seven MOPSOs on ZDT1–ZDT4 and ZDT6, DTLZ1–DTLZ5, and UF1–UF10 test problems.

ProblemsdMOPSOMOPSONMPSOSMPSOMOPSOCDMPSO/DMMOPSOGCDMOPSO

ZDT15.3199e − 2 (1.84e − 2)
1.2818e + 0 (1.61e − 1)
3.5090e − 2 (2.49e − 2)
7.8490e − 2 (8.12e − 2)
1.2410e − 2 (3.41e − 2)
1.0097e − 1 (3.75e − 2)
2.4320e − 3 (9.90e − 5)
+
5.5096e − 3 (5.47e − 4)
ZDT24.0278e − 2 (1.65e − 2)
1.9587e + 0 (3.14e − 1)
3.2220e − 2 (5.23e − 2)
8.8623e − 2 (1.40e − 1)
1.3199e − 1 (2.20e − 1)
1.3635e − 1 (9.22e − 2)
1.8831e − 1 (2.43e − 1)
5.9683e − 3 (3.86e − 5)
ZDT33.6856e − 2 (1.09e − 2) +7.9559e − 1 (1.88e − 1)
9.3162e − 2 (1.80e − 2)
+
1.9286e − 1 (8.21e − 2) =5.2211e − 2 (6.74e − 2)
+
1.9101e − 1 (5.42e − 2)
=
5.4929e − 3 (1.51e − 2)
+
2.0214e − 1 (4.10e − 3)
ZDT45.6682e + 0 (6.02e + 0) −1.0959e + 1 (4.09e + 0)
1.5558e + 1 (6.00e + 0)
9.6916e + 0 (5.27e + 0) −1.9321e + 1 (9.00e + 0)
3.6610e + 1 (6.82e + 0)
6.4024e + 0 (3.87e + 0)
5.1106e − 3 (5.31e − 4)
ZDT64.7132e − 3 (5.34e − 3)
2.6553e − 1 (7.51e − 1)
2.2710e − 3 (1.83e − 4)
1.9179e − 3 (6.27e − 5) =5.6155e − 3 (8.77e − 3)
1.7602e − 2 (1.00e − 2)
2.0980e − 3 (9.98e − 5)
=
1.9036e − 3 (2.19E − 4)
DTLZ11.0110e + 1 (6.03e + 0) −1.1068e + 1 (3.98e + 0)
5.3123e + 0 (3.22e + 0)
3.7308e + 0 (3.56e + 0) −1.9868e + 1 (3.43e + 0)
1.0204e + 1 (2.84e + 0)
2.6475e + 0 (2.13e + 0)
3.1893e − 2 (1.60e − 3)
DTLZ21.0357e − 1 (4.89e − 3)
9.9168e − 2 (1.83e − 2)
5.5695e − 2 (1.66e − 3)
6.2961e − 2 (5.67e − 3) +9.6187e − 2 (1.07e − 2)
+
4.5104e − 2 (1.27e − 3)
+
5.1981e − 2 (1.22e − 3)
+
1.3156e − 1 (1.24e − 2)
DTLZ39.5459e + 1 (7.27e + 1) +1.8585e + 2 (4.40e + 1) =1.1797e + 2 (2.45e + 1) =4.2214e + 1 (4.28e + 1) +1.2284e + 2 (4.00e + 1)
=
1.4031e + 2 (1.58e + 1)
=
9.6313e + 1 (2.83e + 1) +1.2848e + 2 (4.16e + 1)
DTLZ43.3629e − 1 (2.32e − 2)
3.5379e − 1 (1.02e − 1)
5.7723e − 2 (1.48e − 3)
+
4.0061e − 1 (1.22e − 1)
3.2468e − 1 (4.23e − 2)
1.3759e − 1 (3.72e − 2)
=
8.0754e − 2 (1.63e − 1)
+
2.1915e − 1 (5.23−2)
DTLZ52.7069e − 2 (4.04e − 3) =7.3854e − 3 (1.46e − 3)
+
7.1965e − 3 (1.09e − 3)
+
3.5139e − 3 (3.37e − 4) +3.5753e − 2 (1.28e − 2)
=
5.5742e − 2 (6.20e − 3)
3.6474e − 3 (3.25e − 4)
+
3.0289e − 2 (5.98e − 3)
UF16.6464e − 1 (7.81e − 2)
5.2791e − 1 (1.19e − 1)
1.3296e − 1 (5.34e − 2)
=
3.9727e − 1 (8.95e − 2)
6.5297e − 1 (1.48e − 1)
2.6644e − 1 (4.60e − 2)
1.2561e − 1 (6.35e − 2)
=
1.1136e − 1 (1.20e − 2)
UF29.1522e − 2 (6.36e − 3)
1.0596e − 1 (1.30e − 2)
8.2356e − 2 (6.97e − 3)
1.0320e − 1 (1.21e − 2)
1.4038e − 1 (1.37e − 2)
1.1472e − 1 (6.45e − 3)
7.0445e − 2 (6.81e − 3)
5.7949e − 2 (6.63e − 3)
UF35.7528e − 1 (2.11e − 2)
5.3232e − 1 (1.45e − 2)
6.1950e − 1 (4.55e − 2)
5.3918e − 1 (1.35e − 2)
6.6073e − 1 (4.87e − 2)
6.7669e − 1 (2.46e − 2)
5.6722e − 1 (1.45e − 2)
2.6948e − 1 (3.46e − 2)
UF41.3762e − 1 (5.27e − 3)
1.1569e − 1 (1.17e − 2)
6.2625e − 2 (9.38e − 3)
=
1.1333e − 1 (7.72e − 3)
7.8445e − 2 (7.46e − 3)
9.7497e − 2 (5.79e − 3)
5.6336e − 2 (3.49e − 3)
+
6.9376e − 2 (1.27e − 2)
UF53.3212e + 0 (2.49e − 1)
3.3737e + 0 (2.78e − 1)
1.6778e + 0 (5.00e − 1)
2.8624e + 0 (5.32e − 1)
3.7922e + 0 (3.91e − 1)
2.7759e + 0 (2.63e − 1)
1.5025e + 0 (3.04e − 1)
=
1.3195e + 0 (2.50e − 1)
UF62.1692e + 0 (5.25e − 1)
2.4512e + 0 (4.97e − 1)
6.9450e − 1 (1.55e − 1)
1.3552e + 0 (3.86e − 1)
2.8954e + 0 (5.38e − 1)
1.4377e + 0 (2.33e − 1)
5.7258e − 1 (1.09e − 1)
=
5.7057e − 1 (1.33e − 1)
UF73.7871e − 1 (6.98e − 2)
6.2837e − 1 (9.78e − 2)
1.8881e − 1 (1.44e − 1)
3.5724e − 1 (1.15e − 1)
6.0699e − 1 (1.35e − 1)
2.5060e − 1 (7.27e − 2)
1.1800e − 1 (8.76e − 2)
6.6068e − 2 (9.87e − 3)
UF83.4764e − 1 (4.67e − 2) =4.2142e − 1 (3.93e − 2)
4.7503e − 1 (1.03e − 1)
3.9131e − 1 (4.44e − 2) =8.7353e − 1 (1.71e − 1)
5.5120e − 1 (5.13e − 2)
2.6889e − 1 (1.21e − 2)
=
3.8469e − 1 (7.12e − 2)
UF95.8445e − 1 (3.75e − 2)
5.5568e − 1 (4.36e − 2)
4.7656e − 1 (6.25e − 2)
5.7107e − 1 (3.58e − 2)
8.6673e − 1 (1.19e − 1)
6.5999e − 1 (3.74e − 2)
4.3376e − 1 (5.09e − 2)
1.5833e − 1 (4.39e − 2)
UF109.3743e − 1 (4.31e − 2)
2.2931e + 0 (3.26e − 1)
1.5264e + 0 (3.37e − 1)
2.7945e + 0 (4.45e − 1)
4.8780e + 0 (7.67e − 1)
4.1813e + 0 (3.21e − 1)
1.2502e + 0 (3.77e − 1)
3.7067e − 1 (7.55e − 2)
+/−/=2/16/21/18/13/14/33/14/33/16/11/16/36/8/6
Best/all0/200/201/202/200/201/204/2012/20