Research Article

Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Cosine Distance Mechanism and Game Strategy

Table 5

IGD values of the proposed GCDMOPSO and seven MOEAs on ZDT1–ZDT4 and ZDT6, DTLZ1–DTLZ5, and UF1–UF10 test problems.

ProblemsNSGA-IINSGA-IIIMOEA/DMOEAIGDNSSPEARSPEA2IBEAGCDMOPSO

ZDT11.3351e − 2 (2.24e − 3)
1.0794e − 1 (1.64e − 2)
1.4869e − 1 (7.18e − 2)
8.0204e − 2 (1.34e − 2)
1.8544e − 1 (4.17e − 2)
4.5791e − 2 (1.02e − 2)
3.0575e − 2 (6.09e − 3)
5.5096e − 3 (5.47e − 4)
ZDT23.7065e − 2 (5.67e − 2)
2.0316e − 1 (4.74e − 2)
5.1303e − 1 (1.03e − 1)
1.5661e − 1 (2.61e − 2)
4.0898e − 1 (1.29e − 1)
7.5782e − 2 (1.76e − 2)
4.5806e − 1 (2.25e − 1)
5.9683e − 3 (1.00e − 3)
ZDT31.4048e − 2 (9.19e − 3)
+
9.3239e − 2 (1.33e − 2)
+
1.5966e − 1 (4.04e − 2)
=
6.5803e − 2 (1.32e − 2)
+
1.5273e − 1 (1.70e − 2)
=
3.8329e − 2 (9.18e − 3)
+
2.4122e − 2 (5.68e − 3)
+
2.0214e − 1 (4.10e − 3)
ZDT49.1119e − 1 (3.95e − 1)
2.7254e + 0 (9.71e − 1)
4.7901e − 1 (1.92e − 1)
1.9498e + 0 (8.48e − 1)
1.9591e + 0 (6.21e − 1)
8.7718e − 1 (4.89e − 1)
1.6959e + 0 (5.78e − 1)
5.1106e − 3 (5.31e − 4)
ZDT65.7138e − 1 (1.55e − 1)
1.5068e + 0 (3.09e − 1)
8.9624e − 2 (3.52e − 2)
1.2194e + 0 (2.58e − 1)
1.1220e + 0 (2.14e − 1)
5.8304e − 1 (1.80e − 1)
4.0693e − 1 (1.37e − 1)
1.9036e − 3 (2.19E − 4)
DTLZ11.9064e − 1 (2.17e − 1)
8.7852e − 1 (3.52e − 1)
4.0238e − 1 (5.09e − 1)
7.5255e − 1 (2.57e − 1)
8.5648e − 1 (3.23e − 1)
3.7942e − 1 (2.38e − 1)
2.5592e − 1 (2.18e − 1)
3.1893e − 2 (1.60e − 3)
DTLZ25.0991e − 2 (1.25e − 3)
+
4.0110e − 2 (6.49e − 4)
+
3.9672e − 2 (8.95e − 4)
+
4.3567e − 2 (1.45e − 3)
+
4.2995e − 2 (1.69e − 3)
+
3.9796e − 2 (5.62e − 4)
+
6.0008e − 2 (1.88e − 3)
+
1.3156e − 1 (1.24e − 2)
DTLZ31.5011e + 1 (5.61e + 0) +3.3597e + 1 (7.77e + 0)
+
1.9932e + 1 (1.05e + 1)
+
3.0896e + 1 (8.95e + 0)
+
3.5538e + 1 (8.93e + 0)
+
1.4161e + 1 (4.45e + 0)
+
1.1652e + 1 (4.42e + 0) +1.2848e + 2 (4.16e + 1)
DTLZ46.7625e − 2 (8.95e − 2)
+
5.7588e − 2 (9.14e − 2)
=
3.7432e − 1 (3.48e − 1)
=
6.0124e − 2 (9.09e − 2)
+
4.4537e − 2 (1.19e − 3)
+
7.4018e − 2 (1.27e − 1)
+
5.8439e − 2 (1.48e − 3)
+
2.1915e − 1 (5.23−2)
DTLZ53.9962e − 3 (2.48e − 4)
+
7.1312e − 3 (9.16e − 4)
+
2.0348e − 2 (6.23e − 4)
+
5.6171e − 3 (7.32e − 4)
+
2.2074e − 2 (1.56e − 3)
=
4.5566e − 3 (5.73e − 4)
+
1.1354e − 2 (9.22e − 4)
+
3.0289e − 2 (5.98e − 3)
UF11.1632e − 1 (2.49e − 2)
1.4092e − 1 (4.21e − 2)
3.3299e − 1 (1.01e − 1)
1.1721e − 1 (2.51e − 2)
1.3790e − 1 (2.30e − 2)
1.2188e − 1 (3.16e − 2)
1.2150e − 1 (2.75e − 2)
1.1136e − 1 (1.20e − 2)
UF26.5645e − 2 (6.00e − 3)
8.0437e − 2 (5.54e − 3)
1.8876e − 1 (6.80e − 2)
7.5721e − 2 (4.95e − 3)
7.0807e − 2 (8.07e − 3)
6.8572e − 2 (6.20e − 3)
6.5305e − 2 (6.26e − 3)
5.7949e − 2 (6.63e − 3)
UF34.3498e − 1 (2.51e − 2)
4.7938e − 1 (1.13e − 2)
3.3698e − 1 (2.81e − 2)
4.6226e − 1 (8.68e − 3)
4.2464e − 1 (1.60e − 2)
4.4909e − 1 (1.74e − 2)
4.3557e − 1 (2.52e − 2)
2.6948e − 1 (3.46e − 2)
UF48.0553e − 2 (3.46e − 3)
9.4935e − 2 (3.23e − 3)
1.1790e − 1 (5.10e − 3)
8.8455e − 2 (2.99e − 3)
8.5693e − 2 (2.53e − 3)
8.0996e − 2 (2.55e − 3)
8.0710e − 2 (2.88e − 3)
6.9376e − 2 (1.27e − 2)
UF57.8265e − 1 (2.68e − 1)
+
1.6238e + 0 (3.91e − 1)
1.3193e + 0 (2.96e − 1)
=
1.0254e + 0 (2.49e − 1)
=
1.2043e + 0 (2.25e − 1)
=
9.3783e − 1 (2.90e − 1)
+
7.4200e − 1 (1.62e − 1)
+
1.3195e + 0 (2.50e − 1)
UF65.3210e − 1 (8.41e − 2)
=
7.8385e − 1 (1.85e − 1)
5.9812e − 1 (2.41e − 1)
6.0366e − 1 (1.20e − 1)
6.8918e − 1 (1.02e − 1)
5.1892e − 1 (8.12e − 2)
=
5.1057e − 1 (9.97e − 2)
=
5.7057e − 1 (1.33e − 1)
UF71.7024e − 1 (9.95e − 2)
1.7604e − 1 (6.34e − 2)
4.6220e − 1 (1.73e − 1)
2.1070e − 1 (9.19e − 2)
1.8685e − 1 (7.08e − 2)
1.5383e − 1 (9.99e − 2)
1.4710e − 1 (7.88e − 2)
6.6068e − 2 (9.87e − 3)
UF83.1419e − 1 (3.67e − 2)
=
3.3684e − 1 (3.82e − 2)
=
5.7398e − 1 (2.50e − 1)
3.7209e − 1 (4.31e − 2)
=
3.1745e − 1 (2.05e − 2)
+
3.0404e − 1 (3.44e − 2)
+
3.7170e − 1 (5.25e − 2)
=
3.8469e − 1 (7.12e − 2)
UF94.3302e − 1 (5.11e − 2)
4.9207e − 1 (4.63e − 2)
5.0362e − 1 (9.59e − 2)
4.9717e − 1 (5.14e − 2)
4.7406e − 1 (5.61e − 2)
4.4935e − 1 (5.18e − 2)
4.0120e − 1 (6.62e − 2)
1.5833e − 1 (4.39e − 2)
UF101.3928e + 0 (4.05e − 1)
2.4384e + 0 (4.75e − 1)
7.1987e − 1 (8.22e − 2)
1.5321e + 0 (3.69e − 1)
2.0141e + 0 (4.27e − 1)
1.4443e + 0 (5.10e − 1)
1.0332e + 0 (3.23e − 1)
3.7067e − 1 (7.55e − 2)
+/−/=6/12/24/14/23/14/35/13/24/13/37/12/16/12/2
Best/all2/200/201/200/201/201/203/2012/20