Financial Fraud Identification Based on Stacking Ensemble Learning Algorithm: Introducing MD&A Text Information

Table 7

Analysis based on financial and nonfinancial variables.

Model	Accuracy	Precision	Recall	F1-score	AUC
RF	0.8155	0.8182	0.8333	0.8257	0.8146
AdaBoost	0.8155	0.8367	0.7885	0.8119	0.8158
GBDT	0.8058	0.8654	0.7895	0.8257	0.8057
Stacking	0.8447	0.8654	0.8333	0.8490	0.8452