Financial Fraud Identification Based on Stacking Ensemble Learning Algorithm: Introducing MD&A Text Information

Table 8

Introduction of text variables.

Model	Accuracy	Precision	Recall	F1-score	AUC
RF	0.8252	0.8541	0.7885	0.8200	0.8256
AdaBoost	0.8350	0.7679	0.9149	0.8350	0.8414
GBDT	0.8252	0.8333	0.8000	0.8163	0.8245
Stacking	0.8738	0.8571	0.9057	0.8807	0.8733