Research Article
An External-Validated Prediction Model to Predict Lung Metastasis among Osteosarcoma: A Multicenter Analysis Based on Machine Learning
Table 1
Baseline data table of the training group and the validation group.
| | Level | Overall (N = 1201) | Multicenter (validation group, N = 107) | SEER (training group, N = 1094) | |
| | Race (%) | Black | 163 (13.57) | 0 (0.00) | 163 (14.90) | <0.0001 | | Other | 216 (17.99) | 107 (100.00) | 109 (9.96) | | White | 822 (68.44) | 0 (0.00) | 822 (75.14) |
| | Age (median [IQR]) | NA | 21.000 [13.000, 53.000] | 18.000 [13.000, 48.500] | 22.000 [13.000, 53.750] | 0.3895 |
| | Sex (%) | Female | 549 (45.71) | 50 (46.73) | 499 (45.61) | 0.9048 | | Male | 652 (54.29) | 57 (53.27) | 595 (54.39) |
| | Primary site (%) | Axis bone | 313 (26.06) | 25 (23.36) | 288 (26.33) | 0.374 | | Limb bone | 787 (65.53) | 76 (71.03) | 711 (64.99) | | Other | 101 (8.41) | 6 (5.61) | 95 (8.68) |
| | Grade (%) | Moderately differentiated | 41 (3.41) | 0 (0.00) | 41 (3.75) | 0.0934 | | Poorly differentiated | 294 (24.48) | 22 (20.56) | 272 (24.86) | | Undifferentiated; anaplastic | 553 (46.04) | 49 (45.79) | 504 (46.07) | | Unknown | 286 (23.81) | 34 (31.78) | 252 (23.03) | | Well differentiated | 27 (2.25) | 2 (1.87) | 25 (2.29) |
| | Laterality (%) | Left | 514 (42.80) | 40 (37.38) | 474 (43.33) | 0.0524 | | Not a paired site | 161 (13.41) | 9 (8.41) | 152 (13.89) | | Right | 526 (43.80) | 58 (54.21) | 468 (42.78) |
| | T (%) | T1 | 420 (34.97) | 38 (35.51) | 382 (34.92) | 0.1914 | | T2 | 562 (46.79) | 44 (41.12) | 518 (47.35) | | T3 | 40 (3.33) | 7 (6.54) | 33 (3.02) | | TX | 179 (14.90) | 18 (16.82) | 161 (14.72) |
| | N (%) | N0 | 1088 (90.59) | 91 (85.05) | 997 (91.13) | 0.12 | | N1 | 36 (3.00) | 5 (4.67) | 31 (2.83) | | NX | 77 (6.41) | 11 (10.28) | 66 (6.03) |
| | Surgery (%) | No | 225 (18.73) | 23 (21.50) | 202 (18.46) | 0.5241 | | Yes | 976 (81.27) | 84 (78.50) | 892 (81.54) |
| | Radiation (%) | No | 1054 (87.76) | 100 (93.46) | 954 (87.20) | 0.0837 | | Yes | 147 (12.24) | 7 (6.54) | 140 (12.80) |
| | Chemotherapy (%) | No | 236 (19.65) | 10 (9.35) | 226 (20.66) | 0.0073 | | Yes | 965 (80.35) | 97 (90.65) | 868 (79.34) |
| | Bone metastases (%) | No | 1144 (95.25) | 102 (95.33) | 1042 (95.25) | 1 | | Yes | 57 (4.75) | 5 (4.67) | 52 (4.75) |
| | Lung metastases (%) | No | 987 (82.18) | 87 (81.31) | 900 (82.27) | 0.9085 | | Yes | 214 (17.82) | 20 (18.69) | 194 (17.73) |
| | Times (median [IQR]) | NA | 24.000 [12.000, 48.000] | 23.000 [11.000, 51.500] | 24.000 [12.000, 47.000] | 0.9754 |
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Abbreviation: SEER, Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results; IQR, interquartile range; T, tumor; N, lymph node.
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