Research Article
An External-Validated Prediction Model to Predict Lung Metastasis among Osteosarcoma: A Multicenter Analysis Based on Machine Learning
Table 2
Baseline data for patients presenting with and without lung metastases.
| | Level | Overall (N = 1201) | No (N = 987) | Yes (N = 214) | |
| | Race (%) | Black | 163 (13.6) | 132 (13.4) | 31 (14.5) | 0.847 | | Other | 216 (18.0) | 176 (17.8) | 40 (18.7) | | White | 822 (68.4) | 679 (68.8) | 143 (66.8) | | Age (mean (SD)) | NA | 32.98 (24.08) | 32.83 (23.67) | 33.69 (25.93) | 0.637 |
| | Sex (%) | Female | 549 (45.7) | 471 (47.7) | 78 (36.4) | 0.003 | | Male | 652 (54.3) | 516 (52.3) | 136 (63.6) |
| | Primary site (%) | Axis bone | 313 (26.1) | 263 (26.6) | 50 (23.4) | 0.468 | | Limb bone | 787 (65.5) | 639 (64.7) | 148 (69.2) | | Other | 101 (8.4) | 85 (8.6) | 16 (7.5) |
| | Grade (%) | Moderately differentiated | 41 (3.4) | 36 (3.6) | 5 (2.3) | 0.206 | | Poorly differentiated | 294 (24.5) | 236 (23.9) | 58 (27.1) | | Undifferentiated; anaplastic | 553 (46.0) | 450 (45.6) | 103 (48.1) | | Unknown | 286 (23.8) | 239 (24.2) | 47 (22.0) | | Well differentiated | 27 (2.2) | 26 (2.6) | 1 (0.5) |
| | Laterality (%) | Left | 514 (42.8) | 425 (43.1) | 89 (41.6) | 0.426 | | Not a paired site | 161 (13.4) | 137 (13.9) | 24 (11.2) | | Right | 526 (43.8) | 425 (43.1) | 101 (47.2) |
| | Stage group (%) | I | 198 (16.5) | 194 (19.7) | 4 (1.9) | <0.001 | | II | 562 (46.8) | 550 (55.7) | 12 (5.6) | | III | 51 (4.2) | 50 (5.1) | 1 (0.5) | | IV | 278 (23.1) | 83 (8.4) | 195 (91.1) | | UNK stage | 112 (9.3) | 110 (11.1) | 2 (0.9) |
| | T (%) | T1 | 420 (35.0) | 382 (38.7) | 38 (17.8) | <0.001 | | T2 | 562 (46.8) | 448 (45.4) | 114 (53.3) | | T3 | 40 (3.3) | 25 (2.5) | 15 (7.0) | | TX | 179 (14.9) | 132 (13.4) | 47 (22.0) |
| | N (%) | N0 | 1088 (90.6) | 913 (92.5) | 175 (81.8) | <0.001 | | N1 | 36 (3.0) | 24 (2.4) | 12 (5.6) | | NX | 77 (6.4) | 50 (5.1) | 27 (12.6) |
| | M (%) | M0 | 931 (77.5) | 911 (92.3) | 20 (9.3) | <0.001 | | M1 | 270 (22.5) | 76 (7.7) | 194 (90.7) |
| | Surgery (%) | No | 225 (18.7) | 143 (14.5) | 82 (38.3) | <0.001 | | Yes | 976 (81.3) | 844 (85.5) | 132 (61.7) |
| | Radiation (%) | No | 1054 (87.8) | 878 (89.0) | 176 (82.2) | 0.009 | | Yes | 147 (12.2) | 109 (11.0) | 38 (17.8) |
| | Chemotherapy (%) | No | 236 (19.7) | 204 (20.7) | 32 (15.0) | 0.07 | | Yes | 965 (80.3) | 783 (79.3) | 182 (85.0) |
| | Bone metastases (%) | No | 1144 (95.3) | 965 (97.8) | 179 (83.6) | <0.001 | | Yes | 57 (4.7) | 22 (2.2) | 35 (16.4) |
| | Category (%) | Multicenter data (validation group) | 107 (8.9) | 87 (8.8) | 20 (9.3) | 0.908 | | SEER data (training group) | 1094 (91.1) | 900 (91.2) | 194 (90.7) | | Times (mean (SD)) | NA | 30.32 (22.75) | 32.96 (22.96) | 18.13 (17.12) | <0.001 |
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