An External-Validated Prediction Model to Predict Lung Metastasis among Osteosarcoma: A Multicenter Analysis Based on Machine Learning

Table 3

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for lung metastasis in patients with osteosarcoma.

Variables	Univariate OR (95% CI)	value	Multivariate OR (95% CI)	value
Age (years)	1.001 (0.995–1.008)	0.637	—	—
Race
White	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Black	1.115 (0.725–1.716)	0.620	—	—
Other	1.079 (0.732–1.590)	0.700	—	—
Sex
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Female	0.628 (0.463–0.853)	<0.05	0.586 (0.419–0.819)	<0.05
Primary site
Limb bones	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Axis of a bone	0.821 (0.578–1.166)	0.271	—	—
Other	0.813 (0.463–1.427)	0.471	—	—
Grade
Well differentiated	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderately differentiated	3.611 (0.398–32.770)	0.254	—	—
Poorly differentiated	6.390 (0.849–48.065)	0.072	—	—
Undifferentiated; anaplastic	5.951 (0.798–44.359)	0.082	—	—
Unknown	5.113 (0.677–38.606)	0.114	—	—
Laterality
Left	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Right	1.135 (0.828–1.555)	0.431	—	—
Other	0.837 (0.512–1.366)	0.475	—	—
T
T1	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
T2	2.558 (1.729–3.785)	<0.001	2.331 (1.542–3.524)	<0.001
T3	6.032 (2.931–12.413)	<0.001	4.154 (1.834–9.407)	<0.01
TX	3.579 (2.235–5.734)	<0.001	2.067 (1.205–3.545)	<0.01
N
N0	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
N1	2.609 (1.280–5.314)	<0.01	1.315 (0.572–3.023)	0.519
NX	2.817 (1.717–4.623)	<0.001	2.040 (1.143–3.640)	<0.05
Surgery
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	0.273 (0.197–0.378)	<0.001	0.574 (0.383–0.859)	<0.01
Radiation
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.739 (1.162–2.603)	<0.05	1.244 (0.781–1.979)	0.358
Chemotherapy
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.482 (0.987–2.224)	0.058	—	—
Bone metastases
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	8.577 (4.916–14.964)	<0.001	4.542 (2.451–8.414)	<0.001