[Retracted] NOD1 and NOD2 Are Potential Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy

Table 2

Summary of reported associations between NOD1/NOD2 and cancer progression.

NLR member	Cancer	Research topic	Findings	Reference
NOD1	Oral cancer	The effect of cigarette smoke (CSE) extract on human oral squamous cells	NOD1 protects the oral squamous cell from damage caused by smoking by decreasing IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ expression	[22]
	Thyroid cancer	NOD1 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)	NOD1 promoted PTC cell apoptosis via caspase-3/9 through RIP2/TAK1/MAPK pathway	[23]
	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)	IL-8 and NOD1 in HNSCC	IL-8 synergized with NOD1 promotes HNSCC by the CXCR1/2 signaling pathway	[24]
	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)	Effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum on ESCC	Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes ESCC development by activation of the NOD1/RIPK2/ NF-κB pathway	[25]
	Breast cancer	NOD1 in estrogen-sensitive cell breast cancer	NOD1 depletion in MCF-7 cells promotes tumor growth due to dysfunction of TNFα-induced apoptosis regulated by NOD1	[26]
	Gastric cancer	Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric epithelial cells and macrophages	NOD1 may modulate immune homeostasis by regulating macrophage and microbial persistence	[27]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	The role of NOD1 in Hepatocellular carcinoma	NOD1 enhanced the chemosensitivity and proliferation of HCC by suppressing the SRC-MAPK signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo	[28]
		Effect of evodiamine on HCC	Evodiamine induces apoptosis in vitro by suppressing NOD1/NF-κB/MAPK pathway	[29]
	Colorectal cancer (CCR)	Mechanism of PSMA7 in CCR	NOD1 suppresses PSMA7-mediated CCR development by promoting apoptosis	[22]
		Interaction between NOD2 and commensal bacteria in CRC	NOD1 combined with intestinal commensal bacteria contribute to the suppression of CRC development in vitro and in vivo	[30]
		Effect of NOD1 on CRC metastasis	NOD1 is highly expressed in human CRC tissues; activation of NOD1 cell promote HT29 adhesion, migration, and metastasis by the MAPK pathway	[31]
		The immunosuppressive function of NOD1 in CRC	NOD1 promotes MDSCs proliferation and accelerates tumor progression in CRC	[32]
	Prostate cancer	Effect of PD-L1 on prostate cancer infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis	NOD1/2 promotes PD-L1 expression upon Porphyromonas gingivalis infection, thus, promotes tumor metastasis	[33]
	Cervical cancer	Association between NOD1 and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ISCC)	NOD1 augments the apoptosis of HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells	[34]
		Role of NOD1 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC)	NOD1 promoted CSCC proliferation, invasion, and migration via IL-8 and NF-κB/ERK pathway	[35]
	Ovarian cancer	Mechanism of Taxol resistance on serous ovarian cancer	Activation of the NOD1/RIPK2/NF-κB pathway promotes chemotherapy resistance to ovarian cancer	[36]
		Mechanism of NOD1 in ovarian cancer	Activation of the NOD1/RIP2/ NF-κB pathway promotes ovarian cancer progression	[37]
NOD2	MCA205 sarcoma-bearing mice model	Mechanism of bacterial species involved in immunosurveillance during cyclophosphamide (CTX) treatment	NOD2 interferes with the adjuvant effect of Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis for CTX treatment in xenograft mice model	[38]
	Melanoma xenograft mice model	Molecular mechanisms of the gut microbiome on host response to PD-L1 therapy	SagA promotes antitumor efficacy of PD-L1 therapy via NOD2 activation	[39]
	B16 melanoma and CT26 colon xenograft mice model	Investigation of the mechanism of antitumor vaccination based on gut mucosal immunity	T-MPs taken up by IEC suppress the tumor growth via NOD2/MAPK/NF-κB pathway	[40]
	Lung cancer	Role of NOD2 in paclitaxel-treated lung cancer	NOD2 inhibition increased the NSCLC sensitization to paclitaxel	[41]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	The role of NOD2 in obesity-dependent HCC	NOD2 prevents HFD -induced HCC via STAT3/MAPK signaling	[42]
		NOD2 in HCC	NOD2 correlated with poor prognosis of HCC; Loss of NOD2 accelerates spontaneous HCC growth; NOD2 bind with AMPK enhances chemotherapy efficiency of HCC	[43]
	Endometrial cancer (EnC)	Role of TRIM22 in EnC	NOD2 synergized with TRIM22 to suppress EnC proliferation and metastasis	[44]