Kangaroo Care for Relieving Neonatal Pain Caused by Invasive Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Basic characteristics, patient characteristics, and outcome indicators of the included pieces of literature.

Author	Year	Intention-to-treat total	Number of the experimental group	Number of the control group	GA (weeks)	Painful stimulus occasions	Experimental group method	Control group method	Outcome indicators
Campbell-Yeo et al. [8]	2019	162	81	81	32.6 ± 2.1	Heel lance	KC through the procedure	Oral Sucrose (1 ml, 24%)	(a)
de Sousa Freire et al. [9]	2008	62	31	31	33.7 ± 1.57	Heel lance	KC through the procedure	Oral glucose (1 ml, 25%)	(a)
Mitchell et al. [13]	2013	26	13	11	29	Nasal suctioning	2 hours daily skin-to-skin holding	Minimal parent holding	(a)
Sen et al. [14]	2020	64	32	32	34.38 ± 1.59	Heel lance	KC through the procedure	Oral Sucrose (0.5 ml, 24%)	(a) (b) (c)
Gao et al. [15]	2014	80	40	40	37	Heel lance	KC through the procedure	Standard care	(b)
Cong et al. [16]	2012	48	25	23	30 ± 2.2	Heel lance	KC through the procedure	Standard care	(b)
Nimbalkar et al. [17]	2020	200	100	100	33.6 ± 1.89	Heel lance	KC through the procedure	Oral Sucrose (1 ml, 24%)	(a) (c)
Shukla et al. [18]	2018	100	50	50	32.79 ± 2.34	Heel lance	KC through the procedure	Oral Sucrose (1 ml, 24%)	(a) (c)
Kristoffersen et al. [19]	2019	46	21	25	33 ± 2	Eye examinations	KC through the procedure	Standard care	(a)
Chermont et al. [20]	2009	320	160	160	39 ± 1	Intramuscular injection of hepatitis B vaccine	KC through the procedure	Oral glucose (1 ml, 25%)	(d)
Kostandy et al. [21]	2013	36	17	19	39.7 ± 1.29	Intramuscular injection of hepatitis B vaccine	KC through the procedure	Standard care	(b)
Gray et al [22]	2000	30	15	15	NA	Heel lance	KC through the procedure	Standard care	(b)

Note. PIPP, premature infant pain profile; GA, gestational age; KC, kangaroo care; HR, heart rate; SPO₂, pulse oxygen saturation; NFCS, neonatal facial coding system; and NA, not available. Outcomes: (a) PIPP score after the procedure; (b) HR value during the procedure; (c) SPO₂ during the procedure; (d) the NFCS Score.