Broad Echo State Network with Reservoir Pruning for Nonstationary Time Series Prediction

Table 3

Evaluation indexes of each model of Fangshan District air quality dataset in Beijing.

Model	Training time	SMAPE	MAE	RMSE	R^2
ESN	3.3921	0.35804	33.08395	48.83188	−0.36982
BLS	0.0471	0.26211	39.80818	42.67138	−0.04600
GRU	121.6488	0.40606	74.78422	78.14060	−2.50762
LSTM	113.3026	0.40862	75.36049	77.88657	−2.48485
BESN	46.6092	0.12338	12.87887	15.21721	0.86697
BPESN	82.3575	0.08593	8.56364	12.27334	0.91346