Quantifying Carbon Emissions Generated by Monorail Transits: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach

Table 2

Carbon emissions generated during the production of materials primarily used for production.

Material	Unit	Quantity	Factor (kg/unit)	Carbon emissions (t)
Cement	t	622.30	719.62	447.82
C20 concrete	m^3	868.71	201.38	174.94
C25 concrete	m^3	105.07	250.54	26.32
C30 concrete	m^3	2,556.20	306.78	784.19
C40 concrete	m^3	6.04	391.03	2.36
C50 concrete	m^3	13.59	510.94	6.94
Sand	t	2,195.88	9.57	21.01
Gravel	t	1,728.33	12.69	21.93
Stone	m^3	35.94	6.05	0.22
Brick 200 × 95 × 53	1000	474.83	504.00	239.31
Building blocks	m^3	789.65	146.00	115.29
Waterproofing	m^2	3,088.14	2.37	7.32
Coating	t	41.46	25.00	1.03
Steel Q235B	t	163.85	1,789.06	293.14
Other steel	t	29.97	1,789.06	53.61
Steel plate	t	0.29	1,789.06	0.52
Steel reinforcement	t	408.39	1,789.06	730.63
Wood	m^3	35.87	10.45	0.37
Aluminum	t	0.78	18.57	0.01
Mixed mortar (M5)	m^3	236.82	228.03	54.00
Mixed mortar (M2.5)	m^3	50.10	199.23	9.98
Cement mortar (1 : 1)	m^3	34.29	730.2	25.04
Cement mortar (1 : 2)	m^3	43.74	531.52	23.25
Cement mortar (1 : 2.5)	m^3	252.34	469.41	118.45
Cement mortar (1 : 3)	m^3	527.62	393.65	207.70
Total				3,365.43