[Retracted] Research on Kinetic Energy Recovery of Energy Vehicle ABS Solenoid Valve Based on the ELM Deep Learning Model

Table 3

Relative errors of prediction results of different models.

Sample number	Actual value	ELM	PSO-ELM	IPSO-ELM	Relative error (ELM and true value) (%)	Relative error (PSO-ELM and true value) (%)	Relative error (IPSO-ELM and true value) (%)
1	1.560	1.484	1.361	1.596	4.9	12.74	2.32
2	1.630	1.239	1.341	1.615	24.12	17.67	0.91
3	1.280	1.491	1.447	1.277	16.51	13.07	0.27
4	1.030	1.261	1.283	1.086	22.36	24.55	5.43
5	1.250	1.413	1.350	1.192	13.06	8.02	4.66
Average value	1.350	1.377	1.357	1.353	16.12	15.19	2.72