Research Article
Deep Learning-Aided Automated Pneumonia Detection and Classification Using CXR Scans
Table 7
Precision, recall, F1 score, and support of all three classes.
| Model name | CNN | VGG16 | VGG19 | Xception | Training and test ratio | 80–20% | 70–30% | 60–40% | 80–20% | 70–30% | 60–40% | 80–20% | 70–30% | 60–40% | 80–20% | 70–30% | 60–40% |
| COVID-19 | Accuracy | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | F1 score | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.97 | FDR | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | FNR | 0.87 | 0.94 | 0.70 | 0.93 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.76 | FOR | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | FPR | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | Precision | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | Recall | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.95 | Sensitivity | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.95 | Specificity | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.44 |
| Normal | Accuracy | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.95 | F1 score | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.93 | FDR | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.13 | FNR | 0.03 | 0.73 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.00 | FOR | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | FPR | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | Precision | 0.91 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.87 | Recall | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | Sensitivity | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | Specificity | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.57 |
| Pneumonia | Accuracy | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.94 | F1 score | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.90 | FDR | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.03 | FNR | 0.85 | 0.12 | 0.70 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.76 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.63 | 0.87 | FOR | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | FPR | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | Precision | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.97 | Recall | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.84 | Sensitivity | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.84 | Specificity | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.40 |
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