Regulating Intestinal Microbiota in the Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol-Related Liver Disease

Table 2

Human experimental studies on the treatment of ALD with probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics.

Study	Object	Types of drug	Outcomes
Stadlbauer et al. [24]	Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis	Lactobacillu casei	TLR-4 expression decreased significantly, phagocytic function of neutrophils improved, and plasma endotoxin level reduced.
Han et al. [25]	Patients with AH	Lactobacillus subtilis and Streptococcus faecium	Decrease in the number of E. coli, LPS level, and proinflammatory cytokines
Fukui [26]	Patients with cirrhosis and mild hepatic encephalopathy	Synbiotic 2000® (4 freeze-dried nonurease-producing Lactobacillus and 4 fermentable fibers)	Child-Pugh level was improved
Lata et al. [27]	Patients with liver cirrhosis	Escherichia coli Nissle	The intestinal colonization of E. coli was significantly improved and the endotoxin level was decreased, Child-Pugh level was improved
Kwak et al. [28]	Patients with chronic liver disease	Six bacterial species were used: Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Streptococcus thermophilus	Intestinal bacterial overgrowth was alleviated, intestinal permeability and liver function did not improve significantly
Liu et al. [29]	Patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy	Synbiotics (probiotics and fermentable fiber)	Child-Pugh level was improved and endotoxin level was decreased