Clinical Features and Outcomes of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in the Highly Admixed Brazilian Population

Table 1

Demographics, clinical, and laboratory features of patients with PSC according to sex.

Variables	All patients (n = 177)	Male (n = 97)	Female (n = 80)	value
Age at diagnosis (years)	33 (21–42)	29 (19–40)	36 (23–45)	0.046^4
Smoking	18 (10.2)	13 (13.4)	5 (6.2)	0.107^1
Baseline clinical features
Asymptomatic	38 (21.5)	19 (19.6)	19 (23.8)	0.502^1
Jaundice	93 (52.5)	53 (54.6)	40 (50.4)	0.538^1
Pruritus	78 (44.1)	39 (40.2)	39 (48.8)	0.255^1
Fatigue	54 (30.5)	29 (29.9)	25 (31.3)	0.846^1
Weight loss	44 (24.9)	28 (28.9)	16 (20.0)	0.174^1
Baseline laboratory results (x ULN)
Aspartate aminotransferase	1.9 (1.2–3.2)	1.8 (1.3–3.3)	2.1 (1.1–3.2)	0.472^4
Alanine aminotransferase	1.7 (0.9–3.2)	1.7 (1.0–3.2)	1.7 (0.9–3.2)	0.997^4
Alkaline phosphatase	2.6 (1.6–4.4)	2.7 (1.5–4.4)	2.4 (1.6–4.5)	0.989^4
Gamma-glutamyl transferase	5.6 (2.8–11.3)	5.6 (2.7–10.7)	5.6 (2.9–12.1)	0.970^4
Total bilirubin	1.8 (0.7–6.1)	2.3 (0.9–7.6)	1.2 (0.6–4.2)	0.011^4
Serum albumin (mg/dL)	3.8 (3.1–4.3)	3.8 (2.9–4.4)	3.8 (3.3–4.1)	0.897^4
Platelets count (×10^9/mm^3)	205 (120–300)	187 (101–286)	213 (126–314)	0.581^4
Imaging findings
Small duct PSC	23 (13.0)	16 (16.5)	7 (8.8)	0.127^1
Large duct PSC	154 (87.0)	81 (83.5)	73 (91.2)
IBD investigated	133 (75.1)	73 (75.2)	60 (75.0)	0.968^1
IBD	78 (58.6)	45 (61.6)	35 (55.0)	0.439^1
Age at IBD diagnosis (years)	28 ± 14	26 ± 12	32 ± 16	0.097^3
Ulcerative colitis	61 (78.2)	37 (82.2)	24 (72.7)	0.414^2
Crohn’s disease	13 (16.7)	7 (15.6)	6 (18.2)
Indeterminate colitis	4 (5.1)	1 (2.2)	3 (9.1)
Concurrent disorders
Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis	7 (4.0)	2 (2.1)	5 (6.3)	0.247^2
Cholelithiasis	29 (16.4)	15 (15.5)	14 (17.5)	0.716^1
Gallbladder polyps	2 (1.1)	1 (1.0)	1 (1.3)	>0.999^2
All cancers	11 (6.2)	6 (6.2)	5 (6.3)	>0.999^2
Colorectal cancer	3 (27.3)	2 (33.3)	1 (20.0)	0.673^2
Liver and biliary tract	3 (27.3)	1 (16.7)	2 (40.0)
Others	5 (45.5)	3 (50.0)	2 (40.0)
UDCA treatment	142 (80.2)	78 (80.4)	64 (80.0)	0.945^1
Advanced PSC	104 (58.7)	59 (55.7)	38 (53.5)	0.779^1
Ludwig score III/IV	28/66 (42.4)	18/37 (48.6)	10/29 (34.5)	0.131^2
Esophagogastric varices	77 (43.5)	47 (48.5)	30 (37.5)	0.143^1
Splenomegaly	39 (22.0)	22 (22.7)	17 (21.3)	0.819^1
Low platelet counts	52 (29.4)	29 (29.9)	23 (28.7)	0.868^1
Variceal bleeding	31 (17.5)	16 (16.5)	15 (18.8)	0.694^1
Hepatic encephalopathy	26 (14.7)	17 (17.5)	9 (11.3)	0.240^1
Ascites	54 (30.5)	29 (29.9)	25 (31.3)	0.846^1
Follow-up time (months)	70 (31–126)	64 (26–115)	76 (40–140)	0.202^4
Liver transplantation	58 (32.8)	32 (33.0)	26 (32.5)	0.945^1
Follow-up until transplantation (months)	39 (15–74)	42 (13–76)	33 (16–75)	0.953^4
Mortality	22 (12.4)	14 (14.4)	8 (10.0)	0.374^1
Follow-up until death (months)	64 ± 51	54 ± 48	82 ± 58	0.306^3

Data are expressed as absolute number (percentage), median (interquartile range), or mean ± standard deviation. IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid; ULN, upper limit of normal. ¹Chi-square test. ²Fisher’s exact test. ³Student’s t-test. ⁴Mann–Whitney test.