Research Article
Diagnostic Challenges of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
H. pylori serology and stool antigen test positivity among people with symptoms of dyspepsia.
| | | Total, N (%) | Serology | Stool antigen | | Positive, N (%) | Negative, N (%) | | Positive, N (%) | Negative, N (%) | |
| | Upper abdominal symptoms | Yes | 681 (48.9) | 398 (58.4) | 283 (41.6) | <0.001 | 30 (4.4) | 651 (95.6) | 0.002 | | No | 711 (51.1) | 285 (40.1) | 426 (59.9) | 61 (8.6) | 650 (91.4) | | Epigastric pain | Yes | 440 (31.6) | 261 (59.3) | 179 (40.7) | <0.001 | 18 (4.1) | 422 (95.9) | 0.014 | | No | 952 (68.4) | 422 (44.3) | 530 (55.7) | 73 (7.7) | 879 (92.3) | | Epigastric discomfort | Yes | 592 (42.5) | 352 (59.5) | 240 (40.5) | <0.001 | 28 (4.7) | 564 (95.3) | 0.021 | | No | 800 (57.5) | 331 (41.4) | 469 (58.6) | 63 (7.9) | 737 (92.1) | | Epigastric burning | Yes | 526 (37.8) | 322 (61.2) | 204 (38.8) | <0.001 | 19 (3.6) | 507 (96.4) | 0.001 | | No | 866 (62.2) | 361 (41.7) | 505 (58.3) | 72 (8.3) | 794 (91.7) | | Feeling full too long | Yes | 379 (27.2) | 218 (57.5) | 161 (42.5) | <0.001 | 13 (3.4) | 366 (96.6) | 0.003 | | No | 1013 (72.8) | 465 (45.9) | 548 (54.1) | 78 (7.7) | 935 (92.3) | | Early satiety | Yes | 411 (29.5) | 244 (59.4) | 167 (40.6) | <0.001 | 17 (4.1) | 394 (95.9) | 0.021 | | No | 981 (70.5) | 439 (44.8) | 542 (55.2) | 74 (7.5) | 907 (92.5) | | Heart burn | Yes | 426 (30.6) | 255 (59.9) | 171 (40.1) | <0.001 | 21 (4.9) | 405 (95.1) | 0.107 | | No | 964 (69.4) | 427 (44.3) | 537 (55.7) | 70 (7.3) | 894 (92.7) | | Acid regurgitation | Yes | 268 (19.3) | 161 (60.1) | 107 (39.9) | <0.001 | 12 (4.5) | 256 (95.5) | 0.168 | | No | 1124 (80.7) | 522 (46.4) | 602 (53.6) | 79 (7.0) | 1045 (93.0) | | Upper abdominal bloating | Yes | 303 (21.8) | 181 (59.7) | 122 (40.3) | <0.001 | 11 (3.6) | 292 (96.4) | 0.018 | | No | 1089 (78.2) | 502 (46.1) | 587 (53.9) | 80 (7.3) | 1009 (92.3) | | Excessive belching | Yes | 418 (30.0) | 236 (56.5) | 182 (43.5) | <0.001 | 19 (4.5) | 399 (95.5) | 0.048 | | No | 974 (70.4) | 447 (45.9) | 527 (54.1) | 72 (7.4) | 902 (92.6) | | Nausea | Yes | 265 (19.0) | 157 (59.2) | 108 (40.8) | <0.001 | 17 (6.4) | 248 (93.6) | 0.923 | | No | 1127 (81.0) | 526 (46.7) | 601 (53.3) | 74 (6.6) | 1053 (93.4) | | Receiving treatment for dyspepsia in the last 30 days | Yes | 181 (13.0) | 115 (63.5) | 66 (36.5) | <0.001 | 8 (4.4) | 173 (95.6) | 0.26 | | No | 1211 (87.0) | 568 (46.9) | 643 (53.1) | 83 (6.9) | 1128 (93.1) | | Previous diagnosis with stomach ulcer | Yes | 68 (4.9) | 43 (63.2) | 25 (36.8) | <0.001 | 1 (1.5) | 67 (98.5) | 0.124 | | No | 1324 (95.1) | 640 (48.3) | 684 (51.7) | 90 (6.8) | 1134 (93.2) | | Seeking treatment for dyspepsia in the last 30 days | Yes | 361 (25.9) | 207 (57.3) | 154 (42.7) | <0.001 | 15 (4.2) | 346 (95.8) | 0.035 | | No | 1031 (74.1) | 476 (46.2) | 555 (53.8) | 76 (7.4) | 955 (92.6) |
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Statistically significant. |
