Risk Factors for Esophageal Collateral Veins in Cirrhosis with and without Previous Endoscopic Esophageal Variceal Therapy

Table 1

Characteristics of patients.

Variables	No. Pts	Mean ± SD; Median (range) or frequency (percentage)
Age (years)	243	55.11 ± 10.39
Sex (male)	243	173 (71.2%)
Etiology of liver diseases
Hepatitis B virus infection	243	103 (42.4%)
Hepatitis C virus infection	243	19 (7.8%)
Alcohol abuse	243	92 (37.9%)
Drug related	243	21 (8.6%)
Autoimmune liver diseases	243	17 (7.0%)
Clinical presentations at admission
Hepatic encephalopathy	243	5 (2.1%)
Gastrointestinal bleeding	243	95 (39.1%)
Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe)	243	112 (46.1%)/89 (36.6%)/42 (17.3%)
History
History of gastrointestinal bleeding	243	161 (66.3%)
History of endoscopic variceal therapy	243	141 (58.0%)
EVL as last endoscopic variceal therapeutic approach	243	121 (49.8%)
EIS as last endoscopic variceal therapeutic approach	243	20 (8.2%)
Interval between last endoscopic variceal therapy and CT (days)	137	313.60 ± 371.29; 190.00 (1.00–1676.00)
NSBBs within 1 month before admission	192	31 (16.1%)
Laboratory data
Red blood cell (10^12/L)	243	3.63 ± 0.90; 3.73 (1.51–9.92)
Hemoglobin (g/L)	243	102.97 ± 28.41; 103.00 (28.00–181.00)
White blood cell (10^9/L)	243	4.22 ± 3.00; 3.40 (0.70–21.60)
Platelet (10^9/L)	243	102.79 ± 82.54; 79.00 (15.00–681.00)
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)	243	26.20 ± 26.62; 17.90 (5.60–216.50)
Albumin (g/L)	243	34.67 ± 6.21; 35.20 (14.20–71.40)
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	243	29.57 ± 28.99; 22.14 (4.23–332.50)
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	243	41.28 ± 34.30; 30.78 (9.63–376.35)
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)	243	111.77 ± 88.64; 90.06 (24.35–983.93)
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)	243	91.81 ± 213.01; 33.93 (7.49–1779.18)
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)	243	5.72 ± 2.60; 5.23 (1.86–20.15)
Creatinine (µmol/L)	243	64.27 ± 17.27; 61.71 (27.95–178.55)
Potassium (mmol/L)	243	3.89 ± 0.42; 3.91 (2.42–5.87)
Sodium (mmol/L)	243	138.79 ± 3.11; 139.10 (118.00–147.70)
Prothrombin time (seconds)	243	16.31 ± 2.50; 15.80 (12.50–28.00)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (seconds)	243	40.66 ± 5.54; 40.10 (19.80–71.30)
International normalized ratio	243	1.33 ± 0.28; 1.27 (0.94–2.77)
Child-Pugh score	243	6.72 ± 1.65; 6.00 (5.00–13.00)
Child-Pugh class (A/B/C)	243	133 (54.7%)/93 (38.3%)/17 (7.0%)
MELD score	243	6.46 ± 4.48; 5.58 (−2.13–27.42)
EVs on endoscopy (no/yes/unknown)	211^a	34 (16.1%)/177 (72.8%) 0 (0.0%)
EVNTs on endoscopy (no/yes/unknown)	211^a	104 (49.3%)/106 (50.2%)/1 (0.5%)^b
ECVs on CT (no/yes/unknown)	243	110 (45.3%)/131 (53.9%)/2 (0.8%)^c

Notes:^aAs for the patients who underwent endoscopic variceal therapy, only EVs on endoscopy performed after CT during the same hospitalizations were evaluated; as for the patients who did not undergo endoscopic variceal therapy, EVs on endoscopy performed during the same hospitalizations were evaluated, regardless of the order of CT and endoscopy; ^bEVNTs could not be evaluated due to the absence of detailed grade of EVs in their endoscopic reports; ^cECVs could not be evaluated because the venous vessels were not obviously enhanced. Pts, patients; SD, standard deviation; EVL, endoscopic variceal ligation; EIS, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; CT, computed tomography; NSBBs, nonselective beta-blockers; MELD, model for end stage of liver disease; EVs, esophageal varices; ECVs, esophageal collateral veins.