Risk Factors for Esophageal Collateral Veins in Cirrhosis with and without Previous Endoscopic Esophageal Variceal Therapy
Table 2
Comparison between ECVs and no ECVs groups.
Variables
ECVs
No ECVs
value
No. Ptsa
Mean ± SD Median (range) or frequency (percentage)
No. Ptsa
Mean ± SD Median (range) or frequency (percentage)
Age (years)
131
55.60 ± 10.78
110
54.55 ± 10.00
0.475
Sex (male/female)
131
96 (73.3%)/35 (26.7%)
110
76 (69.1%)/34 (30.9%)
0.473
Etiology of liver diseases
Hepatitis B virus infection
131
61 (46.6%)
110
42 (38.2%)
0.190
Hepatitis C virus infection
131
5 (3.8%)
110
14 (12.7%)
0.011
Alcohol abuse
131
52 (39.7%)
110
40 (36.4%)
0.596
Drug related
131
11 (8.4%)
110
9 (8.2%)
0.952
Autoimmune liver diseases
131
7 (5.3%)
110
9 (8.2%)
0.378
Clinical presentations at admission
Hepatic encephalopathy
131
1 (0.8%)
110
4 (3.6%)
0.269
Gastrointestinal bleeding
131
56 (42.7%)
110
38 (34.5%)
0.193
Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe)
131
54 (41.2%)/52 (39.7%)/25 (19.1%)
110
56 (50.9%)/37 (33.6%)/17 (15.5%)
0.321
History
History of gastrointestinal bleeding
131
89 (67.9%)
110
71 (64.5%)
0.579
History of endoscopic variceal therapy
131
83 (63.4%)
110
57 (51.8%)
0.071
EVL as last endoscopic variceal therapeutic approach
131
73 (55.7%)
110
47 (42.7%)
0.044
EIS as last endoscopic variceal therapeutic approach
131
10 (7.6%)
110
10 (9.1%)
0.683
Interval between last endoscopic variceal therapy and CT (days)
83
322.35 ± 399.43 188.00 (1.00–1644.00)
53
303.47 ± 328.70 201.00 (3.00–1676.00)
0.598
NSBBs within 1 month before admission
111
15 (13.5%)
79
16 (20.3%)
0.215
Laboratory data
Red blood cell (1012/L)
131
3.64 ± 0.96 3.70 (1.59–9.92)
110
3.60 ± 0.82 3.76 (1.51–5.05)
0.964
Hemoglobin (g/L)
131
100.87 ± 27.68 101.00 (28.00–181.00)
110
105.80 ± 29.28 106.00 (32.00–159.00)
0.152
White blood cell (109/L)
131
3.73 ± 2.90 3.20 (0.70–21.60)
110
4.80 ± 3.03 4.30 (1.00–20.80)
<0.0001
Platelet (109/L)
131
86.65 ± 76.13 68.00 (15.00–681.00)
110
120.42 ± 85.34 91.00 (23.00–470.00)
<0.0001
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)
131
26.14 ± 25.71 18.50 (5.60–215.30)
110
26.45 ± 27.96 17.60 (6.20–216.50)
0.614
Albumin (g/L)
131
34.77 ± 6.47 35.30 (14.20–71.40)
110
34.55 ± 5.97 35.15 (19.00–50.60)
0.766
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)
131
25.77 ± 15.90 20.95 (4.23–99.13)
110
33.98 ± 39.01 24.33 (4.47–332.50)
0.119
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)
131
37.47 ± 24.15 28.62 (9.63–151.35)
110
45.59 ± 43.11 32.52 (9.74–376.35)
0.057
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)
131
100.08 ± 62.67 84.94 (24.35–399.34)
110
124.22 ± 109.93 94.61 (31.00–983.93)
0.014
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)
131
76.67 ± 193.57 28.60 (9.64–1779.18)
110
107.93 ± 234.39 41.05 (7.49–1680.03)
0.042
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)
131
5.65 ± 2.48 5.16 (1.88–20.15)
110
5.82 ± 2.77 5.29 (1.86–18.83)
0.897
Creatinine (µmol/L)
131
65.57 ± 18.07 62.30 (36.39–178.55)
110
62.74 ± 16.30 58.67 (27.95–112.58)
0.223
Potassium (mmol/L)
131
3.90 ± 0.42 3.91 (2.70–5.87)
110
3.87 ± 0.43 3.97 (2.42–4.96)
0.950
Sodium (mmol/L)
131
138.72 ± 2.62 139.00 (127.00–147.70)
110
138.84 ± 3.65 139.55 (118.00–145.20)
0.194
Prothrombin time (seconds)
131
16.52 ± 2.17 16.20 (12.50–23.10)
110
16.06 ± 2.85 15.20 (12.60–28.00)
0.005
Activated partial thromboplastin time (seconds)
131
40.86 ± 5.01 40.20 (30.30–58.10)
110
40.39 ± 6.17 39.90 (19.80–71.30)
0.400
International normalized ratio
131
1.35 ± 0.25 1.31 (1.01–2.56)
110
1.30 ± 0.31 1.22 (0.94–2.77)
0.005
Child-Pugh score
131
6.77 ± 1.61 6.00 (5.00–12.00)
110
6.69 ± 1.71 6.00 (5.00–13.00)
0.534
Child-Pugh class (A/B/C)
131
71 (54.2%)/51 (38.9%)/9 (6.9%)
110
60 (54.5%)/42 (38.2%)/8 (7.3%)
0.988
MELD score
131
6.93 ± 4.21 6.66 (0.03–24.73)
110
5.93 ± 4.77 5.09 (−2.13–27.42)
0.017
EVs on endoscopyb
110
103 (93.6%)
99
72 (72.7%)
<0.0001
EVNTs on endoscopyb
109c
65 (59.6%)
99
39 (39.4%)
0.002
Notes:aECVs could not be evaluated because the venous vessels were not obviously enhanced in 2 patients;bas for the patients who underwent endoscopic variceal therapy, only EVs on endoscopy performed after CT during the same hospitalizations were evaluated; as for the patients who did not undergo endoscopic variceal therapy, EVs on endoscopy performed during the same hospitalizations were evaluated, regardless of the order of CT and endoscopy;cEVNTs could not be evaluated due to the absence of detailed grade of EVs in their endoscopic reports. Pts, patients; SD, standard deviation; EVL, endoscopic variceal ligation; EIS, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; CT, computed tomography; NSBBs, nonselective beta-blockers; MELD, model for end stage of liver disease; EVs, esophageal varices; ECVs, esophageal collateral veins.
