Risk Factors for Esophageal Collateral Veins in Cirrhosis with and without Previous Endoscopic Esophageal Variceal Therapy
Table 4
Comparison of patients with previous endoscopic variceal therapy between ECVs and no ECVs groups.
Variables
ECVs
No ECVs
value
No. Ptsa
Mean ± SD Median (range) or frequency (percentage)
No. Ptsa
Mean ± SD Median (range) or frequency (percentage)
Age (Years)
83
57.38 ± 10.38
57
54.44 ± 10.53
0.150
Sex (male)
83
64 (77.1%)
57
36 (63.2%)
0.073
Etiology of liver diseases
Hepatitis B virus infection
83
44 (53.0%)
57
23 (40.4%)
0.141
Hepatitis C virus infection
83
2 (2.4%)
57
9 (15.8%)
0.010
Alcohol abuse
83
31 (37.3%)
57
17 (29.8%)
0.357
Drug related
83
3 (3.6%)
57
4 (7.0%)
0.608
Autoimmune liver diseases
83
4 (4.8%)
57
7 (12.3%)
0.196
Clinical presentations at admission
Hepatic encephalopathy
83
0 (0.0%)
57
2 (3.5%)
0.164
Gastrointestinal bleeding
83
32 (38.6%)
57
15 (26.3%)
0.132
Ascites (no/mild/moderate-severe)
83
36 (43.4%)/36 (43.4%)/11 (13.3%)
57
27 (47.4%)/23 (40.4%)/7 (12.3%)
0.897
History
History of gastrointestinal bleeding
83
72 (86.7%)
57
55 (96.5%)
0.051
EVL as last endoscopic variceal therapeutic approach
83
73 (88.0%)
57
47 (82.5%)
0.361
EIS as last endoscopic variceal therapeutic approach
83
10 (12.0%)
57
10 (17.5%)
0.361
Interval between last endoscopic variceal therapy and CT (Days)
83
322.35 ± 399.43 188.00 (1.00–1644.00)
53
303.47 ± 328.70 201.00 (3.00–1676.00)
0.598
NSBBs within 1 month before admission
76
15 (19.7%)
43
15 (34.9%)
0.068
Laboratory data
Red blood cell (1012/L)
83
3.70 ± 0.80 3.78 (1.77–5.49)
57
3.69 ± 0.78 3.84 (1.51–4.94)
0.973
Hemoglobin (g/L)
83
102.88 ± 25.40 104.00 (46.00–161.00)
57
104.30 ± 26.21 106.00 (32.00–153.00)
0.722
White blood cell (109/L)
83
3.54 ± 1.95 3.30 (1.20–11.90)
57
4.43 ± 2.65 3.80 (1.30–15.20)
0.036
Platelet (109/L)
83
86.96 ± 64.64 68.00 (15.00–457.00)
57
115.98 ± 80.36 86.00 (23.00–448.00)
0.014
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)
83
22.00 ± 13.42 17.10 (7.60–78.20)
57
21.99 ± 14.41 17.60 (8.80–92.60)
0.916
Albumin (g/L)
83
35.41 ± 6.59 35.60 (21.50–71.40)
57
34.95 ± 4.95 35.20 (23.10–45.60)
0.620
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)
83
22.97 ± 10.76 20.95 (6.78–54.73)
57
27.21 ± 18.56 21.93 (4.52–113.78)
0.346
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)
83
33.51 ± 19.23 27.81 (9.63–130.22)
57
37.23 ± 18.36 31.28 (17.22–118.28)
0.045
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)
83
88.02 ± 49.41 79.00 (24.35–351.33)
57
120.61 ± 68.41 98.96 (45.45–466.34)
<0.0001
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)
83
44.40 ± 54.54 23.49 (9.64–357.32)
57
84.54 ± 221.41 39.14 (7.49–1680.03)
0.008
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)
83
5.93 ± 2.87 5.33 (1.88–20.15)
57
5.81 ± 2.43 5.28 (1.88–14.69)
0.966
Creatinine (µmol/L)
83
64.26 ± 12.94 62.12 (36.39–108.80)
57
58.78 ± 14.12 56.99 (34.51–109.21)
0.010
Potassium (mmol/L)
83
3.92 ± 0.37 3.86 (3.34–5.87)
57
3.94 ± 0.42 3.99 (2.76–4.96)
0.289
Sodium (mmol/L)
83
138.66 ± 2.11 138.70 (133.40–147.70)
57
138.78 ± 3.41 139.50 (127.50–143.80)
0.087
Prothrombin time (seconds)
83
16.23 ± 1.84 16.10 (13.50–22.50)
57
15.97 ± 2.32 15.40 (12.80–25.20)
0.160
Activated partial thromboplastin time (seconds)
83
40.13 ± 4.42 39.70 (33.30–54.10)
57
40.58 ± 5.93 39.60 (32.80–71.30)
0.966
International normalized ratio
83
1.33 ± 0.23 1.30 (1.06–2.56)
57
1.30 ± 0.25 1.23 (0.98–2.41)
0.212
Child-Pugh score
83
6.51 ± 1.27 6.00 (5.00–11.00)
57
6.47 ± 1.35 6.00 (5.00–11.00)
0.809
Child-Pugh class (A/B/C)
83
48 (57.8%)/34 (41.0%)/1 (1.2%)
57
32 (56.1%)/22 (38.6%)/3 (5.3%)
0.366
MELD score
83
6.33 ± 3.51 6.66 (0.48–15.42)
57
5.15 ± 4.24 4.28 (−1.32–19.38)
0.018
EVs on endoscopyb
62
57 (91.9%)
46
39 (84.8%)
0.242
EVNTs on endoscopyb
62
27 (43.5%)
46
12 (26.1%)
0.062
Notes: aECVs could not be evaluated because the venous vessels were not obviously enhanced in 1 patient; bas for the patients who underwent endoscopic variceal therapy, only EVs on endoscopy performed after CT during the same hospitalizations were evaluated; as for the patients who did not undergo endoscopic variceal therapy, EVs on endoscopy performed during the same hospitalizations were evaluated, regardless of the order of CT and endoscopy. Pts, patients; SD, standard deviation; EVL, endoscopic variceal ligation; EIS, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; CT, computed tomography; NSBBs, nonselective beta-blockers; MELD, model for end stage of liver disease; EVs, esophageal varices; ECVs, esophageal collateral veins.
