| | | All patients (N = 2,731) | Severity of COVID-19 | Mortality status | | Nonsevere† (N = 544) | Severe† (N = 2,187) | value | Survivor (N = 2487) | Nonsurvivor (N = 244) | value |
| | Age in years, median (IQR) | 61.3 (45.4–74.1) | 52.4 (37.3–69.5) | 62.6 (48.8–75.1) | <0.001 | 52.4 (37.3–69.5) | 62.6 (48.8–75.1) | <0.001 | | Sex, n (%) | | Female | 1403 (51.4) | 296 (54.4) | 1107 (50.6) | 0.11 | 1289 (51.8) | 114 (46.7) | 0.13 | | Ethnicity, n (%) hispanic | 680 (24.9) | 154 (28.3) | 526 (24.0) | 0.04 | 649 (26.1) | 31 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| | Race, n (%) | | White | 936 (34.3) | 158 (29.0) | 778 (35.6) | 0.002 | 824 (33.1) | 112 (45.9) | <0.001 | | Black | 884 (32.3) | 192 (35.3) | 692 (31.6) | 808 (32.5) | 76 (31.1) | | Asian | 161 (5.9) | 23 (4.2) | 138 (6.3) | 141 (5.7) | 20 (8.2) | | Other | 728 (26.6) | 168 (30.9) | 560 (25.6) | 694 (27.9) | 34 (13.9) |
| | BMI (kg/m 2), n (%) | | ≤18.5 | 70 (2.6) | 15 (2.7) | 55 (2.5) | <0.001 | 56 (2.2) | 14 (5.70) | <0.001 | | 18.5–24.9 | 565 (20.6) | 125 (23.0) | 440 (20.1) | 489 (19.7) | 76 (31.1) | | 25–29.9 | 759 (27.8) | 181 (38.3) | 578 (26.4) | 698 (28.1) | 61 (25.0) | | ≥30.0 | 1057 (38.7) | 162 (29.8) | 895 (40.9) | 1007 (40.5) | 50 (20.5) |
| | Smoking status | | Never | 1731 (63.4) | 362 (66.5) | 1369 (62.6) | 0.01 | 1621 (65.2) | 110 (45.1) | <0.001 | | Former | 565 (20.7) | 92 (16.9) | 473 (21.6) | 496 (19.9) | 69 (28.3) | | Current | 267 (9.8) | 66 (12.1) | 201 (9.2) | 245 (9.8) | 22 (9.0) |
| | Liver-related factors, etiology, n (%) | | ALD | 36 (1.3) | 15 (2.7) | 21 (1) | 0.001 | 32 (1.3) | 4 (1.6) | 0.64 | | NAFLD | 147 (5.4) | 27 (5.0) | 120 (5.5) | 0.63 | 141 (5.7) | 6 (2.4) | 0.03 | | Viral hepatitis | 480 (17.6) | 108 (1989) | 372 (17) | 0.12 | 451 (18.1) | 29 (11.9) | 0.01 | | Other liver diseases | 2548 (93.3) | 502 (92.3) | 2046 (93.6) | 0.29 | 2314 (93.0) | 234 (95.9) | 0.08 |
| | Cirrhosis | | No cirrhosis | 2436 (89.2) | 484 (89.0) | 1952 (89.3) | 0.97 | 2227 (89.5) | 209 (85.6) | 0.16 | | CC | 28 (1.0) | 6 (1.1) | 22 (1) | 24 (1.0) | 4 (1.6) | | DC | 267 (9.8) | 54 (9.9) | 213 (9.7) | 236 (9.5) | 31 (12.7) | | HCC | 9 (0.3) | 2 (0.4) | 7 (0.3) | 0.86 | 5 (0.2) | 4 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| | Comorbidities, n (%) | | Cardiovascular disease: | | CHF | 521 (19.1) | 48 (8.8) | 473 (21.6) | <0.001 | 435 (17.5) | 86 (35.2) | <0.001 | | HT without complications | 1669 (61.1) | 289 (53.1) | 1380 (63.1) | <0.001 | 1486 (59.7) | 183 (75.0) | <0.001 | | HT with complications | 770 (28.2) | 109 (20.0) | 661 (30.2) | <0.001 | 659 (26.5) | 111 (45.5) | <0.001 |
| | Diabetes: | | Diabetes without complications | 935 (34.2) | 145 (26.6) | 790 (36.1) | <0.001 | 843 (33.9) | 92 (37.7) | 0.23 | | Diabetes with complications | 793 (29.0) | 98 (18.0) | 695 (31.8) | <0.001 | 699 (28.1) | 94 (38.5) | <0.001 | | Chronic respiratory disease | 749 (27.4) | 119 (21.9) | 630 (28.8) | 0.001 | 662 (26.6) | 87 (35.6) | 0.003 | | Chronic neurological disease | 688 (25.2) | 134 (24.6) | 554 (25.3) | 0.74 | 577 (23.2) | 111 (45.5) | <0.001 | | CKD of any stage | 490 (17.9) | 72 (13.2) | 418 (19.1) | 0.001 | 411 (16.5) | 79 (32.4) | <0.001 | | Anemia | 1088 (39.8) | 195 (35.8) | 893 (40.8) | 0.03 | 939 (37.7) | 149 (61.1) | <0.001 | | HIV | 48 (1.7) | 12 (2.2) | 36 (1.6) | 0.37 | 46 (1.8) | 2 (0.8) | 0.24 | | Depression | 698 (25.5) | 146 (26.8) | 552 (25.2) | 0.44 | 613 (24.6) | 85 (34.8) | <0.001 | | Hypothyroidism | 373 (13.6) | 56 (10.3) | 317 (14.5) | 0.01 | 317 (12.7) | 56 (22.9) | <0.001 |
| | Malignancies: | | Primary cancer | 285 (10.4) | 46 (8.4) | 239 (10.9) | 0.09 | 241 (9.7) | 44 (18.0) | <0.001 | | Metastatic cancer | 182 (6.7) | 28 (5.1) | 154 (7.0) | 0.11 | 152 (6.1) | 30 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| | Liver biochemistries: | | ALT, median (IQR) | 29(19–48) | 24 (16–42) | 30 (19–49) | <0.001 | 29 (19–49) | 27 (17.5–45) | 0.20 | | Normal, n (%) | 784 (28.7) | 222 (42.4) | 562 (25.7) | <0.001 | 713 (28.7) | 71 (29.1) | <0.001 | | 1–2 ULN, n (%) | 867 (31.7) | 183 (34.9) | 684 (31.3) | 793 (31.9) | 74 (30.3) | | >2–5 ULN, n (%) | 729 (26.7) | 82 (15.6) | 647 (29.6) | 684 (27.5) | 45 (18.4) | | >5 ULN, n (%) | 314 (11.5) | 37 (7.1) | 277 (12.7) | 262 (10.7) | 52 (21.3) | | AST, median (IQR) | 36(25–55) | 28 (21–43) | 38 (27–57) | <0.001 | 35 (25–54) | 42 (30–69) | <0.001 | | Normal, n (%) | 1468 (53.7) | 359 (66.0) | 1109 (50.1) | <0.001 | 1363 (54.8) | 105 (43.0) | <0.001 | | 1–2 ULN, n (%) | 839 (30.7) | 99 (18.2) | 740 (33.8) | 754 (30.3) | 85 (34.8 | | >2–5 ULN, n (%) | 240 (8.8) | 36 (6.6) | 204 (9.3) | 209 (8.4) | 31 (12.7) | | >5 ULN, n (%) | 52 (1.9) | 9 (1.6) | 43 (2.0) | 40 (1.6) | 12 (4.9) | | T. Bil, median (IQR) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.35 | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.9) | <0.001 | | Normal, n (%) | 1468 (56.5) | 359 (66.0) | 1109 (50.7) | <0.001 | 2265 (91.1) | 208 (85.2) | <0.001 | | 1–2 ULN, n (%) | 839 (30.7) | 99 (18.2) | 740 (33.8) | 99 (4.0) | 26 (10.6) | | >2–5 ULN, n (%) | 240 (8.8) | 36 (6.6) | 204 (9.3) | 19 (0.8) | 4 (1.6) | | >5 ULN, n (%) | 52 (1.9) | 9 (1.6) | 43 (2.0) | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.8) | | ALP, median (IQR) | 78 (61–103) | 80 (65–108) | 77 (61–101) | 0.007 | 77 (61–101) | 89(65–123) | <0.001 | | Normal, n (%) | 2241 (82.0) | 420 (77.2) | 1821 (83.3) | 0.22 | 2062 (82.9) | 179 (73.4) | <0.001 | | 1–2 ULN, n (%) | 377 (13.8) | 88 (16.2) | 289 (13.2) | 326 (13.1) | 51 (20.9) | | >2–5 ULN, n (%) | 54 (2.0) | 11 (2.0) | 43 (2.0) | 43 (1.7) | 11 (4.5) | | >5 ULN, n (%) | 5 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.8) | | GGT, median (IQR) | 117(55–188) | 119 (116–216) | 115 (55–170) | 0.47 | 117 (55–188) | 116.5 (63–170) | 0.93 |
| | Clinical outcome, no. (%) | | Still admitted | 75 (2.7) | 11 (2.0) | 64 (2.9) | 0.25 | 75 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.006 | | Discharged alive from the hospital | 2412 (88.8) | 533 (98.0) | 1879 (85.9) | <0.001 | 2412 (97.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | | Median length of hospital stay (IQR) | 5.7 (3.0–10.2) | 2.7 (1.8–4.4) | 6.4 (3.8–11.8) | <0.001 | 5.4 (3.0–9.8) | 8.2 (3.6–16.5) | <0.001 | | Died in the hospital | 244 (8.9) | 0 (0) | 244 (11.1) | <0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 244 (100) | <0.001 |
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Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; HT: hypertension; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CC, compensated cirrhosis; DC, decompensated cirrhosis; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferases; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; T-Bil, total bilirubin; INR, international normalized ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; PT, prothrombin time; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. †Severity of COVID-19 was graded as per the World Health Organization (WHO) interim guidance.
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