Research Article
Endoscopic Management Using Novel Haemostatic Agents for Immediate Bleeding during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography
Table 1
Characteristic comparison between conventional methods and novel haemostatic agents [
11].
| | Variables | Total (n = 100) | Conventional methods (n = 40) | Novel haemostatic agents (n = 60) | value |
| | Sex | | Female (%) | 41 (41%) | 18 (45%) | 23 (38.3%) | — | | Male (%) | 59 (59%) | 22 (55%) | 37 (61.7%) | 0.648 | | Age (median, IQR) | 56, 23 | 49, 22 | 59, 21 | 0.056 | | Laboratory data | | Hemoglobin (mean ± SD) | 12.82 ± 1.58 | 12.92 ± 1.57 | 12.75 ± 1.59 | 0.626 | | Platelet count (mean ± SD) | 305.4 ± 121.9 | 316.8 ± 138.39 | 297.78 ± 110.15 | 0.272 | | Prothrombin time (median, IQR) | 13.1, 1.40 | 13.2, 1.53 | 13.05, 1.82 | 0.508 | | INR (median, IQR) | 1.1, 1.56 | 1.1, 0.17 | 1.08, 0.14 | 0.913 | | Bilirubin (median, IQR) | 4.7, 8.28 | 3.4, 8.44 | 5.23, 8.17 | 0.531 | | Etiology | | Nonmalignancy | 86 (86%) | 38 (95%) | 48 (80%) | — | | Malignancy | 41 (41%) | 2 (5%) | 12 (20%) | 0.068 | | Etiology | | Nonmalignancy | | Choledocholithiasis | 68 (68%) | 30 (75%) | 38 (63.3%) | — | | Cholelithiasis | 6 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 4 (6.7%) | | | Cholecystitis | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.7%) | | | Cholecystolithiasis | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.7%) | | | Mirizzi syndrome | 3 (3%) | 2 (5%) | 1 (1.7%) | | | Biliary stricture | 6 (6%) | 3 (7.5%) | 3 (5%) | | | Bile leak | 1 (1%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | | | Malignancy | | Klatskin tumor | 4 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (6.7%) | | | Pancreatic tumor | 4 (4%) | 1 (2.5%) | 3 (5%) | | | Liver tumor | 2 (2%) | 1 (2.5%) | 1 (1.7%) | | | Cholangiocarcinoma | 3 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (5%) | | | Ampullary tumor | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.7%) | | | Treatment method for bleeding | | Standard method | | Balloon compression | 23 (23%) | 23 (57.5%) | — | — | | Epinephrine spray | 2 (2%) | 2 (5%) | — | | | Epinephrine injection | 4 (4%) | 4 (10%) | — | | | Submucosal contrast injection | 11 (11%) | 11 (27.5%) | — | | | Novel haemostatic agents | | Purastat® | 34 (34%) | — | 34 (56.7%) | | | Beriplast® | 9 (9%) | — | 9 (15%) | | | Purastat® + balloon compression | 7 (7%) | — | 7 (11.7%) | | | Beriplast® + balloon compression | 10 (10%) | — | 10 (16.6%) | | | Timing bleeding | | None | 2 (2%) | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | — | | Immediate | 98 (98%) | 38 (95%) | 60 (90%) | 0.307 | | Delayed | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | | | Degree of bleeding | | Mild | 83 (83%) | 40 (100%) | 43 (71.7%) | — | | Moderate | 17 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 17 (28.3%) | 0.001 | | Severe | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | | | Rebleeding | 2 (100%) | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | | | Pancreatic enzyme levels | | Increased | 15 | 3 (7.5%) | 12 (20%) | | | Not increased | 85 | 37 (92.5%) | 48 (80%) | 0.086 |
|
|
