Endoscopic Management Using Novel Haemostatic Agents for Immediate Bleeding during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography

Table 2

Subanalysis of monotherapy vs. combined therapy.

Variables	Conventional methods monotherapy (n = 40)	Novel haemostatic agents monotherapy (n = 43)	value	Conventional methods monotherapy (n = 40)	Novel haemostatic agents combined (n = 17)	value
Sex
Female (%)	18 (45%)	16 (37.2%)	—	18 (45%)	7 (41.2%)	—
Male (%)	22 (55%)	27 (62.8%)	0.619	22 (55%)	10 (58.8%)	1.000
Age (median, IQR)	49, 22	60, 24	0.038	49, 22	56, 24	0.453
Laboratory data
Hemoglobin (mean ± SD)	12.92 ± 1.57	12.91 ± 1.62	0.992	12.92 ± 1.57	12.37 ± 1.48	0.219
Platelet count (mean ± SD)	316.8 ± 138.4	308.8 ± 115.5	0.191	316.8 ± 138.4	269.9 ± 92.5	0.913
Prothrombin time (median, IQR)	13.2, 1.53	13, 2.0	0.541	13.2, 1.53	13.4, 2.20	0.637
INR (median, IQR)	1.1, 0.17	1.02, 0.11	0.571	1.1, 0.17	1.1, 0.12	0.420
Bilirubin (median, IQR)	3.4, 8.44	5.3, 9.01	0.466	3.4, 8.44	4.7, 5.77	0.875
Etiology
Nonmalignancy	38 (95%)	33 (76.7%)	—	38 (95%)	15 (88.2%)	—
Malignancy	2 (5%)	10 (23.3%)	0.040	2 (5%)	2 (11.8%)	0.728
Etiology
Nonmalignancy
Choledocholithiasis	30 (75%)	27 (62.8%)	—	30 (75%)	11 (64.7%)
Cholelithiasis	2 (5%)	2 (4.7%)		2 (5%)	2 (11.8%)
Cholecystitis	0 (0%)	1 (2.3%)		0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Cholecystolithiasis	0 (0%)	1 (2.3%)		0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Mirrizi syndrome	2 (5%)	0 (0%)		2 (5%)	1 (5.9%)
Biliary stricture	3 (7.5%)	2 (4.7%)		3 (7.5%)	1 (5.9%)
Bile leak	1 (2.5%)	0 (0%)		1 (2.5%)	0 (0%)
Malignancy
Klatskin tumor	0 (0%)	4 (9.3%)		0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Pancreatic tumor	1 (2.5%)	2 (4.7%)		1 (2.5%)	0 (0%)
Liver tumor	1 (2.5%)	0 (0%)		1 (2.5%)	1 (5.9%)
Cholangiocarcinoma	0 (0%)	2 (4.7%)		0 (0%)	1 (5.9%)
Ampullary tumor	0 (0%)	1 (2.3%)		0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Timing bleeding
None	2 (5%)	0 (0%)	—	2 (5%)	0 (0%)	—
Immediate	38 (95%)	43 (100%)	0.442	38 (95%)	17 (100%)	0.879
Delayed	0 (0%)	0 (0%)		0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Degree of bleeding
Mild	40 (100%)	43 (100%)	—	40 (100%)	0 (0%)	<0.001
Moderate	0 (0%)	0 (0%)		0 (0%)	17 (100%)
Severe	0 (0%)	0 (0%)		0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Rebleeding	2 (100%)	0 (0%)	0.442	2 (100%)	0 (0%)	0.879
Pancreatic enzyme levels
Increased	3 (7.5%)	11 (25.6%)	0.057	3 (7.5%)	1 (5.9%)	1.000
Not increased	37 (92.5%)	32 (74.4%)		37 (92.5%)	16 (94.1%)