Research Article

Influence of School Year on Seasonality of Norovirus Outbreaks in Developed Countries

Table 1

Characteristics of the 18 outbreak sets.

LocationSurveillance institutionTotal outbreaksTime periodMedian% of outbreaks/year (IQR)Outbreak setting

Australia, Adelaide [1]Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science136Jan 2001–Mar 20077% (4%–7%)H primarily, other% not provided
Australia, Victoria [17]Victoria Department of Human Services1018Jan 2002–Dec 200714% (9%–23%)H 70%, other% not provided
Canada, AlbertaAlberta Health1669Jan 2002–Dec 20129% (8%-9%)H 88%, R 3%, C 4%, P 1%, T 10%, O 4%
England and Wales [18]Public Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre1877Jan 1992–Dec 200011% (7%–16%)H 79%, R 6%, C 4%, P 0%, T 8%, O 3%
Germany [19]Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology31644Aug 2001–Jul 20096% (5%–18%)H 60%, R <1%, C 10%, P 24%, T <1%, O 6%
Hong Kong [1]Centre for Health Protection367Jan 2001–Mar 200711% (9%–15%)Does not indicate
Hungary (2005) [20]State Public Health Services and OEK National Centre for Epidemiology273Jan 1998–Dec 200311% (3%–28%)H 58%, R 3%, C 23%, P 0%, T 0%, O 16%
Hungary (2009) [1]Regional Institute of State Public Health Services689Jan 2001–Mar 200712% (10%–17%)H primarily, other% not provided
Japan, Osaka City (2002) [21]Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences64Apr 1996–Mar 200020% (15%–29%)H 0%, R 47%, C 0%, P 0%, T 24%, O 29%
Japan, Osaka City (2009) [1]Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences317Jan 2001–Mar 200720% (15%–29%)Does not indicate
Netherlands [22]National Institute of Public Health and the Environment695Dec 1994–Dec 20056% (4%–9%)H 79%, R 8%, C 5%, P 0%, T 2%, O 6%
New Zealand [23]New Zealand Ministry of Health1206Jan 2002–Dec 200914% (7%–16%)H 64%, R 17%, C 5%, P 5%, T 4%, O 5%
Norway [24]Norwegian Institute of Public Health204Jan 2001–Aug 200513% (12%–32%)H 84%, other% not provided
Spain, Catalonia [25]Public Health Agency of Catalonia128Jan 2010–Dec 201227% (25%–38%)H 28%, R 30%, C 9%, P 9%, T 14%, O 10%
Spain, Catalonia and Valencia [26]Not indicated169Jan 2001–Dec 200613% (12%–24%)H 35%, R 16%, C 7%, P 10%, T 25%, O 7%
US (2002) [27]Centre for Disease Control and Prevention201Jul 1997–Jun 200023% (18%–30%)H 25%, R 39%, C 13%, P 0%, T 10%, O 12%
US (2006) [28]Centre for Disease Control and Prevention184Jul 2000–Jun 200420% (19%–22%)H 31%, R 28%, C 11%, P 2% T 18%, O 10%
US (2011) [29]State and territorial public health departments2866Jan 2007–Apr 201027% (24%–28%)H 65%, other% not provided

C, daycare, school, and camps; H, hospital and long term care institution; O, other; P, private home; R, restaurant and catering; T, travel hotel.
Surveillance institution determined by author affiliation.