Carriage of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase- and AmpC-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) in Healthy Community and Outpatient Department (OPD) Patients in Nepal
Table 4
Association among various clinical characteristics with ESBL producers and nonproducers.
Covariate
OPD (outpatient department)
Healthy population
ESBL (+)
ESBL (−)
ESBL (+)
ESBL (−)
Age, mean ± SD
35.4 ± 13.4
34.8 ± 14.7
.848
25.7 ± 10.7
25.9 ± 12.3
0.921
Gender
0.56
0.73
Male
27
55
12
39
Female
20
50
15
42
Antibiotic use <3 months (+)
7
19
0.63
7
13
0.25
ABX use with /without prescription
0.66
0.21
With prescription
34
75
22
68
Without prescription
11
28
4
13
Both
2
2
1
0
Hospitalization previous year (+)
21
45
0.83
5
10
0.42
Previous worked in hospital (+)
2
8
0.43
9
16
0.14
Visit hospital within 3 months (+)
20
51
0.49
19
44
0.14
Smoking history (+)
11
12
0.057
Alcohol intake (+)
13
22
0.36
6
8
0.09
Toilet facilities (+)
45
105
0.033
25
80
0.091
Meat consumption (+)
40
93
0.55
25
70
0.39
Milk consumption
46
100
0.44
26
81
0.082
Source of food intake
0.16
0.003
Home
41
77
19
72
Hotel
1
4
0
4
Both
5
24
8
5
Travel abroad (+)
10
31
0.29
5
5
0.055
Pearson chi-squared test was applied, where a value ≤0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
