Risk Factors of Influenza-Associated Respiratory Illnesses Reported to a Sentinel Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan: 2015-2016

Table 1

Univariable analysis of potential risk factors/risk markers for IAV with value ≤ 0.25 among ILI and SARI cases during hospital-based surveillance.

Risk factors	Response level	IAV-positive cases (%)	IAV-negative cases (%)	Odds ratio	95% CI	value
Exposure history to ILI patients within the last 7 days	No	31 (13.9)	192 (86.1)	1.71	0.90–3.21	0.136
	Yes	19 (21.6)	69 (78.4)
Gender	Female	25 (12.4)	177 (87.6)	2.11	1.14–3.88	0.024
	Male	25 (23)	84 (77)
Birds kept at home	None	45 (15.3)	249 (84.7)	Reference		0.080
	1 = parrots	1 (10)	9 (90)	0.61	0.08–4.97
	2 = pigeons	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)	11.07	0.98–124.62
	3 = others	2 (50)	2 (50)	5.53	0.76–40.30
Fever	No	35 (13.7)	221 (86.3)	2.37	1.18–4.73	0.022
	Yes	15 (27.3)	40 (72.7)
Headache	No	24 (13.4)	155 (86.6)	1.58	0.86–2.90	0.182
	Yes	26 (19.7)	106 (80.3)
Sneezing	No	15 (12.5)	105 (87.5)	1.57	0.81–3.01	0.229
	Yes	35 (18.3)	156 (81.7)
Use of antibiotics prior to hospital consultation	No	26 (12.2)	187 (87.8)	2.33	1.25–4.32	0.010
	Yes	24 (24.5)	74 (75.5)
Contact with birds	No	45 (15.3)	249 (84.7)	2.31	0.77–6.86	0.230
	Yes	5 (29.4)	12 (70.6)

ILI: influenza-like illness; SARI: severe acute respiratory illness.