The Effectiveness of Interventions in Improving Hand Hygiene Compliance: A Meta-Analysis and Logic Model

Table 1

Characteristics of the randomized clinical trials included in the meta-analysis.

Author	Year/country	Design	Sample	Groups	Intervention package	Baseline-follow-up intervals (month)	Compliance%
							Baseline		Follow-up 1	Follow-up 2	Follow-up 3
Xiong et al.	2017/China	CRCT	40 nurses	Control	No intervention	0, 1.5	CG	61.64	62.63
			40	Intervention	M-EDU + role M + FED		IG	62.67	72.55
Von Lengerke et al.	2017/Germany	CRCT	405 HCW	Control	ASH	0, 12, 24	CG	54.00	68.00	64.00
			682	Intervention	EDU + FED		IG	54.00	64.00	70.00
Santosaningsih et al.	2017/Indonesia	CRCT	62 HCW	Control	No intervention	0, 2	CG	10.10	20.50
			284	Intervention	Active-presentation + Role-m		IG	16.10	27.10
Stewardson et al.	2016/Switzerland	CRCT	21 wards	Control	No intervention	0, 24	CG	66.00	73.00
			24	Intervention 1	FED		IG	65.00	75.00
			22	Intervention 2	FED + PP		IG	66.00	77.00
Jansson et al.	2016/Finland	RCT	15 nurses	Control	No intervention	0, 3, 6, 24	CG	43.30	39.10	45.80	56.60
			15	Intervention	Simulation session		IG	40.80	38.30	59.20	50.80
Huis and Schoon et al.	2013/Netherlands	CRCT	1083 nurses	Control	SAS	0, 6	CG	21.80	45.90
			1083	Intervention	TDS		IG	19.10	52.10
Huis and Hulscher et al.	2013/Netherlands	CRCT	518 nurses	Control	SAS	0, 6, 12	CG	23.00	42.00	46.00
			415	Intervention	TDS		IG	20.00	53.00	53.00
Mei-lin Ho et al.	2012/Hong Kong	CRCT	942 staff and resident	Control	Htalk	0, 1, 4	CG	19.50	19.80	21.60
			1015	Intervention 1	ABHR + REM + video + FED + Htalk + PG		IG	27.00	59.20	60.60
			1260	Intervention 2	ABHR + REM + video + FED + Htak + G		IG	22.20	59.90	48.60
MartinMadrazo et al.	2012/Spain	CRCT	99 HCW	Control	No intervention	0, 6	CG	8.26	11.86
			99	Intervention	EDU + HS + P-REM		IG	7.98	32.74
Fuller et al.	2012/England	CRCT	16 wards	ICU	OLT + GOAL + FED	0, 6	IG	13.00	18.00
			44	ACE	OLT + GOAL + FED		IG	10.00	13.00
Huis et al.	2011/Netherlands	CRCT	450 nurses	Intervention 1	SAS	0, 6	IG	10.00	15.00
			450	Intervention 2	Extended strategy		IG	10.00	25.00
Mertz et al.	2010/Canada	CRCT	15 wards	Control	No intervention	0, 6	CG	15.90	42.60
			15	Intervention	FED + EDU + P		IG	15.80	48.20

CRCT = cluster randomized clinical trial; HCW = healthcare worker; m = month; Role M = role model training.; EDU = education; M-EDU = media education; FED = feedback; ASH = Aktion Saubere Hände (Clean Hands Campaign); PP = patient participation; SAS = state-of-the-art strategy; TDS = team leaders-directed strategy; Htalk = health talk; ABHR = alcohol-based hand rub; PG = powered gloves; G = gloves; HS = hydroalcoholic solutions; REM = reminders; OLT = operant-learning theories; P = posters; GOAL = goal setting; CG = control group; IG = intervention group.